Ap European History

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Christian Humanism

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an intellectual movement in Europe in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries that combined the interests in the classics of the Italian Renaissance with an interest in the sources of early Christianity, including the New Testament and the writings of the Church fathers.

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Desiderius Erasmus

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the most influential of all the Christian humanists. Formulated and popularized the reform program of Christian humanism. Emphasized inner piety and de-emphasized the external forms of religion.

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Thomas More

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received the benefits of a good education. Had an avid interest in the new classical learning and became proficient in both Greek and Latin. Was the lord chancellor of England.

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Pluralism & Absenteeism

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pluralism is the practice of holding several church offices simultaneously. It was a problem of the late medieval church.

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Oratory of Divine Love

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was first organized in Italy in 1497. Was not a religious order but an informal group of clergy and laymen who worked to foster reform by emphasizing personal spiritual development and outward acts of charity.

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Martin Luther

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a deeply religious man who provided the answer to what must I do to be saved? His answer did not fit within the traditional teachings of the late medieval church. He split with the church, destroying the religious unity of Western Christendom.

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Salvation by Faith

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Martin Luther believed that instead of going to penance for salvation you could receive salvation by having good faith.

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Johann Tetzel

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a rambunctious Dominican who hawked the indulgences in Germany with the slogan,” As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.” This is what motivated Martin Luther to write the 95 theses.

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95 Theses

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to most historians this marks the beginning of the reformation. They were a response to Johann Tetzel’s blatant abuses in selling indulgences. They made an immense impression on German’s already dissatisfied with the ecclesiastical and financial policies of the papacy.

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Edict of Worms

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Martin Luther was summoned to appear before the Reichstag, the imperial diet of the HRE, in Worms, convened by the newly elected Emperor Charles the fifth. Who became outraged at Luther’s audacity. This caused Martin Luther to become an outlaw in the empire.

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The Peasants’ War (1524)

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Luther’s greatest challenge in the mid-1520’s. The war was due to peasant dissatisfaction in Germany.

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Transubstantiation vs. Consubstantiation

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Luther denied the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation which teaches that the substance of the bread and wine consumed in the right is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus.

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Charles V

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Sought to maintain religious unity throughout his vast empire by keeping all his subjects within the bounds of the Catholic Church.

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Pope Clement VII

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joined the side of Francis the first in the second Hasburg-Valois War with catastrophic results.

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Suleiman the Magnificent

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the Ottaman leader who lead Ottoman forces to kill King Louis of Hungary at the Battle of Vienna in 1526.

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Peace of Augsburg

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marked an important turning point in the history of the Reformation. The division of Christianity was formally acknowledged.

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Gustavus Vasa

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the leader of Swedish barons who overthrew Christian the second who rulled over the three Scandinavian kingdoms.

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Ulrich Zwingli

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began the Reformation in Switzerland through his preaching in Zurich. Zwingli’s theology was accepted in Zurich and soon spread to other Swiss cities

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Marburg Colloquy

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A failed attempt to make an alliance between Swiss and German reformed churches at a conference or colloquy at Marburg.

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Anabaptists (Munster)

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part of a more radical reform group who were actually members of a large number of different groups who shared some common characteristics.

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Millenarianism

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the belief that the end of the world is at hand and that the kingdom of God is about to be established on earth.

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Henry VIII

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initiated the English reformation. He wanted a divorce from his wife because she had failed to produce a male heir and he had fallen in love with someone else. The church wouldn’t let him get a divorce from his wife so he made his own religion.

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Act of Supremacy

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the act that completed the break of England with Rome.

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Edward VI

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he was the son of King Henry’s third wife and became the heir when he died. He was only nine years old when he became King.

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“Bloody Mary”

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refers to a Catholic who fully intended to restore England to the Roman Catholic fold. When she lead the burning of three hundred protestant heretics she was given that nick-name.

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John Calvin

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part of the second generation of Protestant reformers who stands out as the systematic theologian and organizer of the Protestant movement.

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Predestination

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the belief associated with Calvinism, that God, as a consequence of his foreknowledge of all events, has predetermined those who will be saved (the elect) and those who will be damned.

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Geneva

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where Calvin took up a ministry that lasted except for a brief exile until his death. Calvin achieved a major success in 1541 when the city council accepted his new church constitution.

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Puritans

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English Protestants inspired by Calvinists theology who wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England.

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Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation)-

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by the mid-sixteenth century the Catholic Church revived and reformed the papacy giving the church new strength. This was aimed to stop the spread of Protestantism.

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Ignatius of Loyola

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a nobleman who founded the society of Jesus and became the chief instrument of the Catholic Reformation.

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Jesuits

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they were an important instrument to the papal policy because of a special vow of absolute obedience.

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Francis Xavier

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one of the original members of the Society of Jesus who carried the message of Catholic Christianity to the East. He converted tens of thousands in India.

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Pope Paul III

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continued Renaissance papal practices by appointing his nephews as cardinals, involving himself in politics, and patronizing arts and letters on a lavish scale.

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Council of Trent

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a general council of Christendom called in 1542 by Pope Paul the third to resolve the religious differences created by the Protestant revolt.

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Huguenot

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French Calvinists.

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St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

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a civil war over religion that happened after the death of Henry the second.

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Henry IV

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Henry Lancaster became King Henry after the Lancaster’s won the war of roses

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Edict of Nantes

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acknowledged Catholicism as the official religion of France but guaranteed the Huguenots could worship wherever they chose.

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Philip II

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the greatest advocate of militant Catholicism in the second half of the sixteenth century.

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Battle of Lepanto

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an attempt by King Philip the second to maintain Hasburg control in the Netherlands that failed miserably.

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The Netherlands

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contained 17 provinces and revolted against Spain

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Union of Utrecht

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organized by William of Orange to counter to counter the Catholic union.

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Queen Elizabeth

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the half-sister of Queen Mary who assumed power when her half-sister died in 1558.

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Spanish Armada

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a Spanish fleet that proved to be a disaster.