Ap Euro (World War I/the Great War) 18-1900's

Front 1

Balkans

Back 1

peninsula of slavs between black and adriatic sea. part of decaying ottoman empire.

Front 2

1873 - 3 emperors league

Back 2

an alliance made by Biamarck between Austria, Germany and Russia to counteract France and Britain. date and name.

Front 3

1875 - Ruso Turkish War

Back 3

date and name of the war of russia against the Ottoman empire. fueled by a slavist movement to unite slavs and russia joins to assist bonsians and serbians in gaining independance and also to extend influence, and get constantinople.

Front 4

Treaty of San Stephano

Back 4

ended Ruso Turkish war and the Ottomans had to pay large indemnity. enlarged Bulgaria, Romania, an Bosnia was broken from the empire.

Front 5

1878 - Congress at Berlin

Back 5

treaty of San stephano negated. congress called by Bismarck (name and date) because he doesnt' want war to break up Germany yet. ends league of 3 emperors. Russia now angry at bismarck and Austria.

Front 6

Sarajevo

Back 6

city in Bosnia where the archduke was assasinated.

Front 7

Tripple ALliance

Back 7

Germany/Austria-Hungary/Italy

Front 8

Entete Cordial

Back 8

France and Britain had an "understanding"

Front 9

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Back 9

emperor of the German Empire after Wilhelm I dies and his son dies of Brain cancer. Bismarck threatened to resign and Wilhelm II didn't stop and so he is left to rule alone. nephew to Queen Victoria and related to Romanovs and tries to make fleet.

Front 10

Flottenpolitiik

Back 10

political ideal of building up navy. wilhelm made navy to have stronger colonies.

Front 11

"place in the sun"

Back 11

term used when the Germans wanted colonies.

Front 12

Weltpolitik

Back 12

political idea of expanding power globally.

Front 13

Arms Race/Naval Race

Back 13

race between Britain and Germany where the British said they would make 2 ships for every 1 Germany makes.

Front 14

Morocco Crises (number 1)

Back 14

where Wilhelm tested his power and the closeness of the Cordial Entete. he goes and gives a speech in MOrocco advocating independance.

Front 15

Morocco Crisis (nunber 2)

Back 15

where wilhelm II sent his "Panther" to shot stuff in Morocco. testing the strength of the Entete Cordial and wanted a part of the congo. they got a tiny big.

Front 16

Reinsurance Treaty

Back 16

treaty between Bismarck and Russia where if one of them gets in a war, the other won't get involved. Wilhelm III lets treaty lapse, leaving Russia looking for an ally.

Front 17

1911

Back 17

date which Britain accepts Russia.

Front 18

Tripple Entante

Back 18

never publicized what the terms of the agreement were, but a treaty between France, Britain and Russia.

Front 19

Militarism

Back 19

cause of war where they had huge standing armies in peacetime and lots of trained reserves.

Front 20

Archduke Francins Ferdinand

Back 20

assassinated. was the heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne and was advocating giving rights to more slavs, making the revolutionaries mad.

Front 21

Black Hand

Back 21

slavic secret nationalistic society with strong connections to Serbia, but many members were Bosnian.

Front 22

Gavrilo Princip

Back 22

the man who shot Ferdinand and Isabella (Wife) with two, lucky, fatal shots. When Ferdinand was coming back from giving a speech, the two failures before him to assassinate him had injured a guard and when Ferdinand stopped to see the soldier, he stopped right in front of him.

Front 23

"blank Check"

Back 23

given by Germany to Austria. an encouragement of "do what you want and we'll support you"

Front 24

Ficher Thesis

Back 24

a recent thesis where a German historian found papers of the chancellor seeing the real reason for war: they wanted a short war to establish themselves as a major power.

Front 25

Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg

Back 25

the chancellor who was part of the Ficher Thesis during the First World War.

Front 26

Schlieffen Plan

Back 26

designed by old German general in case of a 2 front war. Planned by attacking France first with overwhelming force to sieze paris and therefore France and then shif East, going through Belgium because it is neutral and noone expects attack there - soft spot.

Front 27

Battle of Marne

Back 27

French victory that stopped the Germans at the river and France gos soldeiers there JUST IN TIME to save Paris from the German Plan, therefore making the germans fail.

Front 28

Trench Warefare

Back 28

begins at the marne when the Germans pull back. organized with machine guns, artillary, and no man's land between. often filled with water and dead bodies between them, making them unsanitary and taking all the glory out of war.

Front 29

Battle of Verdun

Back 29

21st of February to the 1st of April. was a major battle, attack of the Germans with huge losses but made the new French Hero. ends with British counter-offensive taking heat off.

Front 30

Henry Petain

Back 30

was a hero in the Verdun battle where he made sure food got up the "Sacred Route", made soldier rotation so noone was in the trench for too long, and won the soldier's respect

Front 31

Battle of Somme

Back 31

British counter-offensive to take the heat off of the French further South. shot artillary for 1 week, 24 hours a day before going over the tranch. advanced 4-5 miles from July 1st to November 15. lots dead.

Front 32

Attrition

Back 32

process of runing out of things and in warfare, it is the process that the side that is going to win has the most men and materials.

Front 33

Hindenberg Line

Back 33

new German line that was fortified and was the line after Germans retreated when they realized their disadvantage.

Front 34

1918

Back 34

Germans in hot water and russia out of war. troops go west and they make some more progress, but US joins the war as a MORALE BOOSTER.

Front 35

November 11, at 11:00, 1918

Back 35

Germany surrenders after shooting until this exact moment to shoot all materials so they don't have to bring it out. the silence frightened soldiers. war over.

Front 36

Tannenberg Battle

Back 36

"Pine Mountain" battle of victory for the Germans over the Russians. the Russians were poorly equipped and trained ans so the Germans were VERY victorious.

Front 37

Ludendorff

Back 37

German hero who worked with right-wing malitians and later got weapons to natzies. later was one of two men who ruled germany by the end of the war.

Front 38

General Von Hindenberg

Back 38

other German hero who won battles and later names Hitler chancellor (reluctantly) and will run Germany by the end of the war.

Front 39

Peter Shausser

Back 39

first bombing of civillians in England (German)

Front 40

1915

Back 40

realization that the war was TOTAL WAR.

Front 41

Galipole

Back 41

battle to get trains and hitt botom of germany. France and GB against Turkey for the Straights.

Front 42

Attaturk

Back 42

reshapes Turkey to become only secular, democratcis, Islamic after war. Is revered by the Turks and was allied with germany. Disliked British influence in East and fights a trench war and is victorious in getting the English, Australians, French, etc. out.

Front 43

Sir Ian Hamilton

Back 43

was the general in charge of the attack on Turkey and when the allies withdrew, he is releived of duty for it being a failure.

Front 44

Submarines

Back 44

weapons only owned by Germany

Front 45

WIldred Owen

Back 45

a great and promising poet who was killed at the very end of teh war

Front 46

"Lost Generation"

Back 46

all the men who died or went mad after the war

Front 47

Vera

Back 47

an oxford student and writer who wrote memoirs of the war. she became a nurse and suffered the loss of her brother, fiance, and friend.

Front 48

Armenian Genoicide

Back 48

the first genocide in the 20th century. was forgotten and used as an excuse of Hitlers. took place in Turkey.

Front 49

Leslie Davis

Back 49

was an American Consol of Turkey who saw the Armenian Genocide for himself.

Front 50

Armand Vegner

Back 50

german medic who comitted treason in disobeying his orders and helping the survivors of the genocide in Turkey. would later send a letter to HItler.

Front 51

War of Attrition and total War

Back 51

the war came out to be wehre every force was dedicated to the war. the first time it was used was in the French Revolution. recycling and cutting back was encouraged and women took over men's jobs.

Front 52

liberty bonds/loans

Back 52

a person would give money to teh government and government pays back with interest after the war

Front 53

March 1917

Back 53

start of the russian revolution

Front 54

Woodrowe Wilson

Back 54

president who had the intent of staying neutral but entered the war and then was the advocator of the League of Nations in the Peace of Paris. he wanted more fairness than was given and, while the hero of Europe and a famed man, ended up as a failure.

Front 55

Lusitania May 7, 1915

Back 55

name and date of the luxary ship sunk by the Germans from NY to Manchester and the Germans made adds discouraging people to go. sunk because of the suspicioun of smuggling weapons and forced Germans to back off submarine warfare

Front 56

1917

Back 56

germany loosing war and resumes submarine warfare and Britain down to a few weeks of reserve. US enters war.

Front 57

April 1917

Back 57

date of Wilson going into the war to "Make the world safe for democracy"

Front 58

Peace of Paris 1919

Back 58

name and date of final peace that was hardly as fair as the germans had hoped

Front 59

Christmas Truce

Back 59

temporary peace between britain an germany to remove bodies and celebrate the holidays

Front 60

Novemer 18th 1918

Back 60

date of the Austrian Emperor abdicating

Front 61

Max von Baden

Back 61

head of democratic forming in Germany who encouraged a constitution. noble and liberal-minded

Front 62

Jutlend

Back 62

only naval battle where Germany did well but the British had more ships and won through attrition

Front 63

Skuttle

Back 63

Germans decided to sink their ships so Britain couldn't get them

Front 64

City of Kiel November 3rd

Back 64

date and name of the city where the sailors mutinied against being sunk with the ships. the revolutionary workers joined them and they take over the city.

Front 65

November revolution

Back 65

pattern started in Kiel spreads throughout Germany and soldiers and workers go on strike. country at a standstill and Kaiser Wilhelm II leaves the country and never returns

Front 66

Ebert and Scheidermann

Back 66

the first being the founder of the Social Democratif Party in Germany, they formed the German Republic November 9th and wrote the next constitution

Front 67

Dolchstosslegende

Back 67

right-wing theory in Germany. literally the "stab-in-the-back theory" where those muninous soldiers and workers and socialists betrayed the country by overthrowing the government

Front 68

Sir Lawrence of Arabia

Back 68

sent to cause the ottoman empire to fall apart. he promised British help for an Arab nation, stirring up Arab nationalism. he began to act like an Arab and became one of them, finally killing himself when his promises fell through and he didn't acheive Arab independance

Front 69

Orlando

Back 69

Italian representative in the Peace of Paris

Front 70

Lloyd George

Back 70

English representative in the Peace of Paris

Front 71

Clemencau

Back 71

French representative in the Peace of Paris who was the biggest opposer of WIlson, threatening the League of Nations whenever Wilson put his foot down for fairness toward the Germans.

Front 72

14 points

Back 72

Wilson's proposals at the Peace of Paris
Alsace Lorraine back to France, borders by language, freedom of sea, limittation of arms, evcuating of other states, league of nations, etc.

Front 73

Otto Dix

Back 73

German soldier who suffered from nightmares after the war. painted grotesque war images and anti-sematism propaganda. had many issues with society and some cubist trends.

Front 74

Stephen Graeme

Back 74

british journalist who wrote about the pilgrameges of people to the places where their loved ones died

Front 75

Katy Kollwitz

Back 75

German artist who painted and did prints on the peasant revolution of the Protestant Reformation. suffered the loss of her son and did a statue in his graveyard of her and her husband.

Front 76

Spiritualism

Back 76

new movement of contact with the dead

Front 77

Arthur Connan Doyle

Back 77

leader of the spiritualist movement who lost his son, Kingsly, and others

Front 78

J'accuse film

Back 78

the french film that was about a man in the war. at one point the dead rise and go from town to town asking if "it was worth it" while the people are shown to not have been exactly grieving. a very anti-war movie. after the movie, some of the living dead soldiers really died, making it all the more powerful

Front 79

Able Gance

Back 79

maker of J'Accuse film. had bad health and was turned down by the military and wanted revenge. he got the help of the French Army as actors by making it look patriotic.

Front 80

Treaty of Versailles

Back 80

treaty of the Germans that was both too harsh and not harsh enough.

Front 81

Diktat

Back 81

settlment that was dictated upon the Germans

Front 82

Cruel Accounting

Back 82

where the peak of the cost of the German reparations would have been after the war because of the retirement fees and medicare.

Front 83

"war guilt" clause

Back 83

the part of the treaty where the Germans had to sign for full guilt of the war. made the Germans bitter

Front 84

Polish Corridor

Back 84

the polish route to the Baltic sea

Front 85

Danzig City

Back 85

a new independant, coast, city-state

Front 86

Sudeten land

Back 86

given to Czechoslovakia from Germany. a large part and was mixed people, making a sore point for Germany.

Front 87

John Maynard Keynes

Back 87

economist who was a British delegate for the peace. wrote a book on wilson's failure saying that the new treaty was going to ruin Europe's economy. he sided with Wilson's approach and was very dissapointed by his failure, saying that wilson just didn't know Europe well enough.

Front 88

Kurdistan

Back 88

biggest nationality without a country remained like that.

Front 89

Balfour Declaration 1915

Back 89

date and name of the declaration of the British forgin minister that they support the Zionist Jewish state of Palastine. Hertzel finally paid off

Front 90

Cordon Sanitaire

Back 90

literally the "quarrantine area" that was the belt keeping Europe safe from the communists

Front 91

Dadaism

Back 91

new movement against everything concerning the war. begain in 1917 in Zurich Switzerland and the word was chosen at random from a dictionary. french word for "rockinghorse"

Front 92

Tristan Tzara

Back 92

wrote the manifesto of Dadaism in 1918

Front 93

Marcel Duchamp

Back 93

emigrated to US and a very influencial dada artist. made the fountain in 1964 that was a male urinal and the mona lisa "hot in the ass"