Ap Euro Vocab - Review #6

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(1850-1932)-Revisionist German Social Democrat who favored socialist revolution by the ballot rather than the bullet-i.e, by cooperating with the bourgeois members of Parliament and securing electoral victories for his party (the SDP).

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Eduard Bernstein

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(1913)-Law that released suffragettes on hunger strikes from jail and then rearrested and jailed them again.

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"Cat and Mouse Act"

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Formerly the Tory Party, headed by Disraeli in the nineteenth century

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Conservativc Party

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(1809-1882)-British scientist whose Origin of Species (1859) proposed the theory of evolution based on his biological research.

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Charles Darwin

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(1804-1881)-Leader of the British Tory Party who engineered the Reform Bill of 1867, which extended the franchise to the working class. Added the Suez Canal to English overseas holdings.

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Benjamin Disraeli

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(1859-1935)-French Jewish army captain unfairly convicted of espionage in a case that lasted from 1894 to 1906

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Alfred Dreyfus

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Group of English socialists, including George Bernard Shaw, who advocated electoral victories rather than violent revolution to bring about social change

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Fabian Society

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1856-1939)-Viennese psychoanalyst whose theory of human personality based on sexual drives shocked Victorian sensibilities

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Sigmund Freud

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1809-1898- English Prime Minister (Liberal) known as the "Grand Old Man." Instituted liberal reforms which were designed to remove long standing abuses without destroying existing institutions. He believed in Home Rule for Ireland. In 1870 he passed the Education Act of 1870 and the Order in Council which replaced patronage as a means of entering civil service with competitive examinations. In 1871 he removed the Anglician religion qualification for faculty positions at Oxford and Cambridge universities and introduced The Ballot act of 1872 which provided for a secret ballot.

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William Gladstone

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(1859-1914)-French revisionist socialist who was assassinated for his pacifist ideals at the start of World War 1

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Jean Jaures

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Formerly the Whig Party, headed by Gladstone in the nineteenth century

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Liberal Party

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(1844-1900)-German philosopher and forerunner of the modern existentialist movement; he stressed the role of the Ubermensch or Superman, who would rise above the common herd of mediocrity.

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Friedrich Nietzeche

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(1808-1877)-British feminist whose legal persistence resulted in the Married Women s Property Act (1883), which gave married women the same property rights as unmarried women.

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Caroline Norton

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1858-1928)-British suffragette and founder of the Women's Social and Political Union.

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Emmeline Pankhurst

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Legislation that deprived the House of Lords of veto power in all money matters. (realistically curtails the power of the House of Lords)

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Parliament Act of 1911

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The revolutionary municipal council, led by radicals, that engaged in a civil war (March-May 1871) with the National Assembly of the newly established Third Republic, set up after the defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco- Prussian War.

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Paris Commune

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1891-Papal encyclical of Leo XIII (1878-1903) that upheld the right of private property but criticized the inequities of capitalism. It recommended that Catholics form political parties and trade unions to redress the poverty and insecurity fostered under capitalism

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Rerum Novarum

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Marxists who believed that workers empowered to vote could obtain their ends through democratic means without revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat, known as revisionism.

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Revisionists

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The Social Democratic Party in Germany, based on Marx's Ideology.

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SDP

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1864)-Doctrine of Pope Pius IX (1846-1878) that denounced belief in reason and science and attacked "progress, liberalism, and modern civilization."

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Syllabus of Errors

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Formerly the Whig Party, headed by Gladstone in the nineteenth century

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Liberal Party

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(1844-1900)-German philosopher and forerunner of the modern existentialist movement; he stressed the role of the Ubermensch or Superman, who would rise above the common herd of mediocrity.

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Friedrich Nietzeche

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(1808-1877)-British feminist whose legal persistence resulted in the Married Women s Property Act (1883), which gave married women the same property rights as unmarried women.

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Caroline Norton

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1858-1928)-British suffragette and founder of the Women's Social and Political Union.

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Emmeline Pankhurst

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Legislation that deprived the House of Lords of veto power in all money matters. (realistically curtails the power of the House of Lords)

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Parliament Act of 1911

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The revolutionary municipal council, led by radicals, that engaged in a civil war (March-May 1871) with the National Assembly of the newly established Third Republic, set up after the defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco- Prussian War.

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Paris Commune

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1891-Papal encyclical of Leo XIII (1878-1903) that upheld the right of private property but criticized the inequities of capitalism. It recommended that Catholics form political parties and trade unions to redress the poverty and insecurity fostered under capitalism

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Rerum Novarum

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Marxists who believed that workers empowered to vote could obtain their ends through democratic means without revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat, known as revisionism.

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Revisionists

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The Social Democratic Party in Germany, based on Marx's Ideology.

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SDP

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1864)-Doctrine of Pope Pius IX (1846-1878) that denounced belief in reason and science and attacked "progress, liberalism, and modern civilization."

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Syllabus of Errors

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The French trade-unionist belief that workers would become the governmental power through a general strike that would paralyze society

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Syndicalism

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French trade unions

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Syndicats

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Gathering of Catholic church leaders that proclaimed the doctrine of papal infallibility.

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Vatican Council of 1870

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Provision of the Versailles Treaty that blamed Germany for World War 1

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Article 231

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The Serbian secret society alleged to be responsible for assassinating Archduke Francis Ferdinand. (Princeps)

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Black Hand

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Reference to the full support provided by William II to Austria- Hungary in its conflict with Serbia. Al;so refers to the promise of support given by Russia to Serbia to develop of Slavic state.

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Blank Check

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A battleship with increased speed and power over conventional warships, developed by both Germany and Great Britain to increase their naval arsenals. Carried 10 300mm guns mounted in 5 turrets.

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Dreadnought

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An 1867 compromise between the Germans of Austria-Bohemia and the Magyars of Germany to resolve the nationalities problem by creating the empire of Austria and the kingdom of Hungary, with a common ministry for finance, foreign affairs, and war

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Dual Monarchy

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Before both world wars, the policy of other European countries that, Germany claimed, prevented German expansion, denying it the right to acquire "living room" (Lebensraum).

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Encirclement

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The 1904 "gentleman's agreement" between France and Britain establishing a close understanding.

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Entente Cordiale

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Wilson's peace plans calling for freedom of the seas, arms reduction, and the right of self-determination for ethnic groups.

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Fourteen Points

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An economic theory or policy of the absence of restrictions or tariffs on goods imported into a country. There is no "protection" in the form of tariffs against foreign competition.

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Free Trade

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The acquisition and administration of colonial areas, usually in the interests of the administering country. (The Second Age of Exploration)

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Imperialism

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Financial demands placed on loser nations

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Indemnities

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A proposal included in Wilson's Fourteen Points to establish an international organization to settle disputes and avoid future wars

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League of Nations

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British merchant liner carrying ammunition and passengers that was sunk by a German U-boat in 1915. The loss of 139 American lives on board was a factor bringing the United States into World War I.

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Lusitania

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The site of the 1906 conference in Spain at which German involvement in Morocco was rebuffed by Britain and France acting in unison.

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Moroccan Crises - Algecira

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The site of the landing of the German gunboat in Morocco in 1911. William II tried to force the French to make concessions to Germany in Africa. Like the first crisis, this one drew Britain and France closer together.

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Moroccan Crises - Agatir

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The movement to unite Slavs in the Balkans.

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Pan-Slavism

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The French desire for revenge against Germany for the loss of Alsace and Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War (1870).

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Revanche

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The Balkan town in the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia where Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne.

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Sarajavo

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Top-secret German strategy to fight a two-front war against Russia and France. The idea was to invade neutral Belgium for a quick victory against France, and then direct German forces against a more slowly mobilizing Russia.

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Schlieffen Plan

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The ability of an ethnic group to decide how it wishes to be governed, as an independent nation or as part of another country.

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Self-determination

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The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle

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Social Darwinism

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The 1873 alliance between Germany, Austria, and Russia.

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Three Emperors' League

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The 1882 alliance between Germany, Austria, and Italy

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Triple Alliance

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After 1907, the alliance between England, France, and Russia.

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Triple Entente

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"world politics")-The policy of making Germany a major global power through an expanding navy and the acquisition of colonies, the dream of William II

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Weltpolitik

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1856-1924)-President of the United States and key figure in the peace conferences following World War I; he intended to make the world "safe for democracy."

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Woodrow Wilson

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A secret German message to Mexico supporting the Mexican government in regaining Arizona and Texas if the Mexicans declared war on the United States, a factor propelling the United States into World War I in April 1917.

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Zimmermann telegram

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An order issued to the Russian military when the provisional government was formed. It deprived officers of their authority and placed power in elected committees of common soldiers. This led to the collapse of army discipline.

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Army Order Number 1

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Left-wing, revolutionary Marxists headed by Lenin. (Majority men)

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Bolshevik

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The secret police under Lenin and his Communist Party.

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Cheka

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Also known as the Cadets, the party of the liberal bourgeoisie in Russia.

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Constitutional Democrats

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The new government set up by Lenin following the Red Guard seizure of government buildings on November 6, 1917

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Council of People's Commissars

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(1870-1924)-The Bolshevik leader who made the Marxist revolution in November 1917 and modified orthodox Marxism in doing so.

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V. I. Lenin

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Right-wing or moderate Marxists willing to cooperate with the bourgeoisie. (minority men)

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Menshevik

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Plan introduced by Lenin after the Russian civil war. Essentially it was a tactical retreat from war communism, allowing some private ownership among the peasants to stimulate agrarian production.

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New Economic Policy

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The promise Lenin made to his supporters on his arrival in April 1917 in Russia after his exile abroad. (In Germany)

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"Peace, land, and bread"

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The St. Petersburg, or Petrograd, council of workers, soldiers, and intellectuals who shared power with the provisional government.

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Petrograd Soviet

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The temporary government established after the abdication of Nicholas II (1881-1970), from March until Lenin s takeover In November 1917.

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Provisional government

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An uneducated Siberian preacher (nicknamed Rasputin, the Degenerate ) who claimed to have mysterious healing powers. He could stop the bleeding of Czarina Alexandra's son-possibly through hypnosis-and was thus able to gain influence in the czar's court, much to the dismay of top ministers and aristocrats, who finally arranged for his murder. The czarina's relationship with Rasputin did much to discredit Czar Nicholas's rule.

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Raputin

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The Bolshevik armed forces.

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Red Guards

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March 1918)-Pact by which Lenin pulled Russia out of the war with Germany and gave up one third of the Russian population in the western territories.

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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

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(1879-1940}Lenin s ally who organized and led the Bolshevik military takeover of the provisional government headed by Kerensky, in November 1917

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Leon Trotsky

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The 1905 essay in which Lenin argued that the agrarian and industrial revolutions could be telescoped. It was unnecessary for Russia to become an industrialized nation before the Marxist revolution.

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"Two Tactics for Social Democracy"

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The application of total war by the Bolsheviks to the civil war (1918-1920) at home-i.e, requisitioning grain, nationalizing banks and industries, and introducing rationing.

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War Communism

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Essay written by Lenin in 1902 that outlined his plan for an elite revolutionary cadre to engineer the communist revolution in agrarian Russia.

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"What Is to Be Done?"

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(1857-1933)-German Marxist who focused on women's issues in the Communist Party.

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Clara Zeikin