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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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laws of nature that give legitimacy to government and stand above the actions of any particular ruler or religious group
it would be valid even if God doesn't exist Defined by this man |
Natural Law
Grotius |
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Total certainty is never attainable
asserted by this man |
Skepticism; Montaigne
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This man asserted that the true order is monarchy and that absolutism must be employed in order to retain order
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Bodin
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Inductive reasoning through observation
This man promoted this idea |
Scientific Method; Bacon
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Reasons for belief in witchcraft
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1. outlet for social stress during times of hardship
2. most people also believed in astrology, magical healing, prophecy, and ghosts 3. witches were agents of Satan whom the righteous must oppose 4. Denunciation and persecution of witches coincided with the spread of reform, both Protestant and Catholic 5. elderly spinsters and widows were the poorest and most socially marginal people in society-->thought to want revenge |
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People accused of witchcraft
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1. elderly spinsters and widows
2. women 3. midwife (prime target for deaths in childbirth) |
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calendar adopted by most of the world
created in 1582 not immediately adopted defects: not all months have same length, holidays fall on different days each year |
Gregorian Calendar
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How the scientific advancements of the 1600s contributes to the Enlightenment (7)
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1. Protestant Reformation->questioning of church/biblical scientific explanation
2. Humanism/Renaissance ->education, ability to REASON, anatomical knowledge, virtu attitude of using all of your abilities 3. Printing Press 4. Middle Class (also nobles gave $)->education = curiosity 5. Nation-states (absolutism or constitutionalism)->patrons of sciences, enhances military+commercial capabilities, royal academies of science 6. Age of Exploration->oceanic travel, raw materials, global empires 7. demand for secular explanations about the natural world (skepticism about tradition) |
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start with a premise and find evidence to support it
MATH This man found the cartesian plane |
Deductive Thinking; Descartes
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Gather evidence to draw conclusion, scientific method, empirical thinking
this man came up with it |
Inductive Thinking; Bacon
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This Italian started the modern study of anatomy
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Vesalius (1)
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This English man began a theory of heart and circulation of the blood
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Harvey (1)
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This Dutch man was a lens grinder, invented the microscope, was the first person to see cells, paramecium, (called them animacules and wee beasties), and saw sperm
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Leeuwenhoek (4)
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This Polish man believed in heliocentrism but also believed in circular orbit
wrote On The Revolution of Heavenly Bodies |
Copernicus (2)
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This Danish man used actual observations of the night sky to create star charts
He lost his nose in a duel and created a silver/gold nose Believed that the universe is NOT unchanging (saw supernova) Believed in geo and heliocentrism Master of Kepler |
Brahe (5)
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Student of Brahe
Math genius Laws of Planetary Motion -orbits of planets are ellipses -planets move more slowly -farther away from sun -astrology |
Kepler (4)
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Used the modern telescope to defend heliocentrism
most ardent defender of heliocentrism saw moons around jupiter (smaller bodies revolve around larger bodies) Venus phases gravity (2 objects of different mass fall at the same rate) our moon has craters and mountains |
Galileo (6)
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HE WAS THE LINK BETWEEN AGE OF SCIENCE AND ENLIGHTENMENT
"If I can see far, it is because I stand on the shoulder of giants" Calculus! (along with leibnitz) law of universal gravitation -all objects exert gravitational force upon each other -universe is an orderly "machine"->predictable, regular using math, physics, and reason (also can be taken apart and learned) "if we can explain the universe, we can figure out the best econ/poly system and achieve progress and optimism" |
Newton (4)
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-Believed that the best form of government is CONSTITUTIONALISM
-State of Nature: ppl are mostly peaceful and orderly -Social Contract: govt protects in return ppl give up liberties -Natural rights: Life, Liberty, Property -The ultimate purpose of govt is to protect your rights -authority rests in the "will of the majority" -right of revolution -father of modern "liberalism" -BLANK SLATE |
Locke
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-Supporter of ABSOLUTISM
-Natural State: inherent self-interest -ppl exchange personal liberties for safety, security/protection of natural rights by the LEVIATHAN -Gov authority comes from the social contract, not Divine Right |
Hobbes
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Dates of Enlightenment
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1700-1789
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This man followed skepticism to cite all errors of past writers of religion
wrote Historical and Critical Dictionary |
Bayle
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Customs varied in relations to the place
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moral relavitism
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Chief editor of the encyclopedia
attempt to gather info about all aspects of life-science, music, history, and art articles contributed by most of the philosophes |
Diderot
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-wrote Social Contract- all individuals should submit their own interests to the GENERAL WILL of the community
-man is most in the state of nature- "noble savage" -society corrupts -most influential philosophe in terms of the FR REV -General Will theory=seen as advocate of true DEMOCRACY -foundation of 1800s "romanticism"- emphasis on emotion + subconscious, not reason |
Rousseau (6)
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book written by Rousseau which stated that education must provide people with a knowledge to survive societal corruption
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Emile
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-This man was a french noble, who wrote "Spirit of the Laws"
-opposed absolutism and divine right of kings -favored constitutionalism like BRITAIN -called for a separation of powers |
Montesquieu (4)
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-French writer associated with freedom of press, speech, and religion
-motto "ecrasez l'infame"- Crush the infamous thing! (religious intolerance) |
Voltaire
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The Men and Women of the Republic of Letters
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-philosophes (upperclass)
-tried to point to need of reforms -did not oppose organized religion->just intolerance -use reason |
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This was the means of spreading idea outside of the royal court and church
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salons
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This book was written by Adam Smith during this year
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Wealth of Nations 1776
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Adam Smith had these ideas (4)
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1. invisible hand
2. laissez faire 3. division of labor according to an individual's interest 4. Free trade |
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Enlightened Despots (3)
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1. Prussia Hohenzollerns- Frederick II
2. Austrian Hapsburgs- Joseph II 3. Russian Romanovs- Catherine the Great |
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8 Commandments of Enlightened Despotism
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1. No "divine right" mandate from heaven (justification based on usefulness: Frederick-"1st servant of the state")
2. Decisions based on reason and inductive thought 3. religious toleration 4. stress importance of education (esp. Catherine the Great) 5. Impulse to reform society 6. codified, uniform laws (Napoleonic Law->uniform tax, punish) 7. Repression of local authority, nobles, church 8. Quick Tempo (if reason tells you about something, you should do it right away) |
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biggest problem for despots
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so many things wrong-->cannot change fast-->ppl don't accept change well (esp social change)-->see Peter Great
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____is the most radical and known for Quick Tempo
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Joseph II
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Why will enlightenment despotism lead to its own destruction?
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bc it will lead to constitutionalism and democracy
-free speech, no censorship -critical of leaders -education=encourage democracy -equality -econ freedom --> political freedom |
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The first partition of Poland in 1772 happened because...
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fearful of increasing Russian influence, between Frederick the Great of PR, Maria Theresa of AU, and Catherine the Great of RUS
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