Ap Euro Unit 5

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Enlightenment

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(1600s-1700s)

A European movement that emphasized individualism and reason over tradition.

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Philosophe

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(1600s-1700s)

The intellectuals and philosophers of the Enlightenment.

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Science of Man

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Refers to the social sciences. Said that natural laws governed human actions.

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Tabula Rasa

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John Locke's argument that all humans were born as a "blank slate" and were shaped by their experiences.

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Georges-Louis Buffon

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(1707-1788)

French naturalist and mathematician. His works, including "Histoire Naturelle," influenced subsequent naturalists.

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Republic of Letters

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The informal community of philosophes.

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Montesquieu

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(1689-1755)

French lawyer and political philosopher. He is known for his theory of the separation of powers, which is applied in many different countries today.

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Voltaire

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(1694-1778)

French Enlightenment philosopher. He is famous for his attacks on the Catholic Church, his support of freedom of religion and speech, and the separation of Church and State.

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"Ecrasez l' infame!"

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Voltaire's most famous quote, means "crush the infamous thing." It was directed at the Catholic Church and the clergy.

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Denis Diderot

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(1713-1784)

French philosopher, art critic, and writer. He is known for helping to create the Encyclopedia.

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The Encyclopedia

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(1751)

A general encyclopedia published in France. It contained much of the thought of the Enlightenment and was meant to change the way people thought. It was banned by the Catholic Church.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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(1712-1778)

French Philosopher. He is known for creating the social contract in which citizens give up some rights to the State for protection.

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Methodism

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(1700s)

Religious movement founded by John Wesley. Disagreed with the Anglican church in Great Britain and insisted on strict self-discipline and a "methodical" approach to religious study and observance.

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Lending Libraries

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Allowed people who could not afford to buy books to read them.

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William Hogarth

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(1697-1764)

English painter and artist. He depicted everday life in London satirically.

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

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(1756-1791)

German musician and composer. He was one of the most influential composers of the Classical Era.

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Salons

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Informal gatherings, usually sponsored by middle-class or aristocratic women. Provided a forum for new ideas and gave intellectual life an anchor outside the royal court and church-controlled universities.

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Enlightened Absolutism

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A form of absolute monarchy taking inspiration from the Enlightenment. Enlightened monarchs promoted rationality, education, religious tolerance, freedom of speech, and private property.

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Beccaria

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(1738-1794)

Italian philosopher and jurist. His work, On Crimes and Punishments, was a founding work of penology.

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Joseph II

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(1741-1790)

Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1765-1790. He promoted enlightened absolutism.

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Edict of Tolerance

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(1782)

A religious reform of Joseph II while he was emperor of the Habsburg monarchy. It was meant to model Austria after Enlightenment ideals. It gave religious freedom to Jews, Lutherans, Calvinists, and Serbian Orthodox in Austria.

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Frederick II

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(1712-1786)

King of Prussia from 1740-1786. He was a supporter of enlightened absolutism and is most famous for his military accomplishments that allowed Prussia to be the main military power in Europe, his patronage of Enlightenment art, and religious tolerance.

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Catherine the Great

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(1729-1796)

Empress of Russia from 1762-1796. Under her rule, Russia became a European power and adopted Enlightenment ideals.

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Charter of the Nobility

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Charter issued by Catherine the Great. It recognized the nobles' rights to be exempt from taxation, control the economic gains of their serfs, be exempt from corporal punishment, to assemble, and to be tried in their own courts.

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Physiocrats

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(1700s)

An economic theory originating in France that said the wealth of nations was derived from the value of "land agriculture" or "land development" and that agricultural products should be expensive.

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Laissez-faire

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An economic system in which the government does not interfere in transactions between private parties. It was a prevalent economic theory.

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Immanuel Kant

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(1724-1804)

German philosopher who is the central figure of modern philosophy. He believed that the human mind structures the experience and that morality comes from reason.

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John Wesley

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(1703-1791)

Anglican cleric and theologian. He founded Methodism as a movement in the Anglican Church.

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Francois Quesnay

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(1694-1774)

French economist and Physiocrat. He laid the foundations of the Physiocratic school.

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Kleinjogg

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(1700s)

James Gouyer, German farmer and agricultural reformer. H established the pattern farm and helped improve the cultivation of crops. He is considered pioneer of modern agriculture.

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Social Rights

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The rights guaranteeing a citizen's protections from the State.

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Seigneurial Rights

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Rights retained by the nobility over the peasantry. The nables took resources and money from peasants by collecting rent, crops and other dues.

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Gentry

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The general class of prosperous families who went on commercial ventures.

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Bourgeoisie

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The capitalist class of people who own the means of production and become wealthy.

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Pugachev's Rebellion

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(1773-1775)

A series of rebellions in Russia among the peasants, the Cossacks, and the Old Believers. The government eventually quashed the rebellion.

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Crop Rotation

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A practice in which a field would use different crops each year to avoid harming the soil. It allowed food production in Europe to rise.

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Enclosure

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The process of taking over land that used to be shared by peasant farmers by fencing it off.

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Thomas Malthus

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(1766-1834)

English cleric and scholar. He argued that population increases due to an increase in food production would outgrow the means of subsistence.

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Journeyman's Tour of France

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Apprentices traveled throughout France to learn many different skills and trades.

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Domestic Industry

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Merchants would bypass guilds, goods were cheap, there was no regulation.