Ap Euro The Age Of Religious Wars

Front 1

what is the significance of geneva?

Back 1

refuge for protestants

Front 2

calvinism

Back 2

agressive revolutionaries

Front 3

counter reformation

Back 3

based on heirarchy of church. demanded obediance of the pope
(calvinism rejected heirarchy)

Front 4

baroque

Back 4

represented counter-reformation and hierarchy - lavish

Front 5

pulpit

Back 5

simple protestant altars

Front 6

sebastian castellio

Back 6

dissaproved of calvin

Front 7

was skepticism, relativism, and individualism more respectable in the early or late 6th centuries?

Back 7

late 16th and 17th

Front 8

michael servetus

Back 8

anititrinitarian, excecuted by castellio
"to kill a a man..."

Front 9

how were skeptical views spread throughout europe?

Back 9

religious disagreements, civil wars

Front 10

politiques

Back 10

rulers (like elizabeth I of england) that were indifferent to religious matters
not politiques include Mary I- negative results

Front 11

were religious wars internal or international?

Back 11

BOTH!!! catholic vs protestant in france/ netherlands/ england. catholic spain and france vs protestant england and netherlands

Front 12

huguenots

Back 12

french protestants
Hugues
french gov subdues huguenots
1/15 of population
2/5 of aristocrats became huguenots

Front 13

Hugues

Back 13

leader of political revolt in Geneva against House of Savoy- prelude to calvinism

Front 14

Battle of Pavia

Back 14

French Francis I captured by Charles V of HRE (holy roman empire)

Front 15

when/why did french government start to severly persecute huguenots?

Back 15

huguenots plastered anti-catholic posters throughout france. results- calvin was exiled

Front 16

edict of fontainebleau

Back 16

brought inquisition to huguenots

Front 17

edict of chateaubriand

Back 17

henry II brought new negative measures to huguenots

Front 18

Henry IV of Navarre

Back 18

no persecution of protestants

Front 19

shift of power in france- weakening of current monarchy

Back 19

Henry II, french king, accidently murdered. Francis II, 15, died after reigning 1 yr.

Front 20

shift of power in france-3 families fighting for throne`

Back 20

Bourbons (south/ west), Monmorency Chatillons (center), Guises (eastern)

Front 21

Bourbons, MCs, Guises and religious views

Back 21

bourbons and MCs conspired with protestants to kidnap Francis II (guises). Calvin renounced plan
Guises- CATHOLIC

Front 22

why was calvinism so well liked?

Back 22

aristocrats wanted to establish of 'peace of ausburg' in france
calvinism fostered decentralization
inspired political resistance
combined with Huguenots

Front 23

what two regions did calvinism flourish in?

Back 23

Dauphine and Languedoc

Front 24

theodore beza

Back 24

worked with calvin
converted mother of future french king Henry IV to calvinism
converted prince of Conde

Front 25

Catherine de Medici

Back 25

tried to reconcile catholic and protestant fractions of france
made allies with protestants to converse monarchy

Front 26

january edict

Back 26

issued by catherine de medici which granted protestants the right to worship publicly outside towns, privately inside towns, and hold synods

Front 27

how did medici's protestant toleration end in france?

Back 27

duke of Guise massacred protestants.
queen medici feared guise

Front 28

the peace of saint-germain-en-laye

Back 28

duke of guise was assassinated. leaders of france granted huguenots religious freedoms

Front 29

coligny

Back 29

?????

Front 30

queen catherine

Back 30

wanted to balance extreme protestant and catholic sides. catholic. plotted with guise against protestant

Front 31

cardinal granvelle

Back 31

aka Antoine Perrenot
wanted to slow down protestant reforms
wanted to tighten catholic regulations w/i spain

Front 32

the compromise in the netherlands

Back 32

a solemn pledge to resist decrees of trent/ inquistion- led to full scale rebellion of calvinists, huguenots, and german lutherans against spanish government
rebellion failed b/c netherland nobility wouldn't support it.

Front 33

the duke of alba

Back 33

dispatched by philip to supress revolt.
several thousand heretics were executed (council of blood)
BECAME MORE HATED THEN GRANVELLE

Front 34

council of troubles

Back 34

aka council of blood (netherlands)
thousands of suspected heretics were executed in spain. RESULTS: spanish forced netherlands to pay for the damage done by revolt

Front 35

william of orange

Back 35

placed well-being of netherland people over religious conflicts.
was catholic became lutheran. after BD massacre, became calvinist

Front 36

paoification of ghent

Back 36

union of 10 catholic and 7 protestant states of netherlands against spain.
declared religious freedom
netherlands 'peace of ausburg'

Front 37

union of brussles

Back 37

peace of ausburg in netherlands

broken b/c of fear of extreme calvinists

Front 38

don john

Back 38

defeated turks
perpetual edict
spanish authority
revived spanish power in southern provencis

Front 39

perpetual edict

Back 39

demanded removal of spanish troops from the netherlands

Front 40

union of arras

Back 40

southern netherlands and spain-catholic

southern netherlands- extremely calvinistic

Front 41

union of utrecht

Back 41

northern provinces of netherlands
(protestant???)

Front 42

how did the netherlands gain their independance???

Back 42

1-philip II declared william of orange an outlaw
2-apology
3-union of utrecht (with william of orange) declared phillip not their ruler. said ruler was french duke of Alecnon, son of catherine medici- no real authority. tried to get real power and was overthrown
4-william of orange was assassinated and succeeded by son Maurice who continued dutch resistence
5- Philip was preoccupied with france/england-signed guise treaty
6- philip was defeated by england
7- netherlands drove philip's soldiers out of northern netherlands

Front 43

apology

Back 43

a speech given by william of orange stating philip II as tyrannical

Front 44

12 yrs truce
Peace of Westphalia

Back 44

12 yrs-gave northern states independance
peace of w- full recognition as independant

Front 45

Mary I

Back 45

queen of england
married philip II of spain
executed protestants
marian exiles

Front 46

marian exiles

Back 46

protestants fled to germany or switz to aviod persecution in england

Front 47

elizabeth I

Back 47

mary I's successor
daughter of henry VIII and Anne Bolyen
created anglican church

Front 48

Cecil

Back 48

elizabeth's counseler

Front 49

act of supremacy

Back 49

declared elizabeth I as leader of all spiritual/ temporal/ secular affairs

Front 50

mary tudor

Back 50

anti-protestant

Front 51

anglican church

Back 51

combined catholic tradition and protestant doctrine

Front 52

act of uniformity

Back 52

made it mandatory that every anglican church contained 39 articles

Front 53

39 articles

Back 53

revision of Thomas Cranmer's book of common prayer

Front 54

did catholic and protestant extremists exist in england?

Back 54

YES

Front 55

catholic extremists

Back 55

plotted with jesuits against elizabeth
wanted to replace elizabeth with mary queen of scots

Front 56

how did elizabeth deal with extremists?

Back 56

rarely emotional and irate
EXCEPT when concerning direct threat to unity of her rule
excecution was rare

Front 57

what are the two main reasons the protestants didnt like elizabeth I?

Back 57

1-catholic traditions in church of england
2-

Front 58

presbyterians

Back 58

led by presbyteries (like calvin and geneva)

Front 59

did other worldly powers want a protestant or catholic france?

Back 59

other powers wanted france to be conservative, catholic, and weak.
phillip II of spain sent troops into france to help catholics. BUT...
nationalism developed and strengthened Henry's support

Front 60

stadholder

Back 60

governor of spain

Front 61

william of orange

Back 61

a protestant who wanted netherland independance from spain

Front 62

treaty of vervins

Back 62

ended hostilities between spain and france

Front 63

edict of nantes

Back 63

Henry IV
ensured protestant rights

religious truce
results- catholic fanatic assassinated Henry IV

Front 64

catherine of france

Back 64

-liked guises, wanted catholic france
-BUT feared guise monarchy
-feared colign's hold on charles IX

Front 65

coligny

Back 65

charles IX advisor
protestant
used influence to plan french invasion on netherlands and support dutch protestants

Front 66

protestant resistance theory

Back 66

first, prt said to be obediant and calvin condemned rebellion.
second, prt said that the lower class could oppose tyranny

Front 67

henry of navarre

Back 67

1. led protestant in France
2. formed alliance with king heny III
3. Henry III and H of Navarre prepared to attack Guises in Paris
4. Henry III was killed
5. Henry of N became king of France

Front 68

day of barricades

Back 68

aka catholic league

Front 69

Hotman/ Beza/ Mornay

Back 69

formed the Huguenot theories of resistence
1. hotman- humanism
2. beza- justified overthrowing of tyrranies
3. Mornay-said nobles should invade tyrannies in other lands

Front 70

John Knox

Back 70

scots reformer
said it was his duty to subdue tyranny

Front 71

peace of beaulieu

Back 71

granted huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom BUT...
catholic league forced Henry III to return to religious catholic union---
Henry limited Huguenot worship

Front 72

bartholomew day massacre

Back 72

- catherine plotted with guises to kill coligny. coligny was injured, not dead
-catherine convinced charles to kill 3000 Huguenots, and another 2000
-began civil war in france
-made france unable to invade netherlands

Front 73

convectuvle act of 1593

Back 73

gave puritans option to conform to practices of protestant church of england or exile/ death

Front 74

presbyterians

Back 74

aka congregationalists
extreme protestants
not tolerated by elizabeth

Front 75

what was the richest area in europe?

Back 75

netherlands

Front 76

cardinal granvelle

Back 76

aka antione perrenot
wanted to centralize the netherlands
strongly catholic

Front 77

pillars of spanish power

Back 77

1. new world riches
2. increased population
3. efficent military/ bureaucracy
4. supremacy in the mediterranean

Front 78

new world riches in spain

Back 78

castile- wealthy, import of bullion, silver mines helped to pay off spanish debt

Front 79

increased population in spain
WHY?
RESULTS?

Back 79

economy in spain thrived which triggered inflation. therefore, peasents were heavily taxed

Front 80

mary queen of scots

Back 80

lived in france
french/ catholic queen who returned to scots of protestant reformation
established french culture in court
forced to abdicate

Front 81

the armada

Back 81

spanish fleet

Front 82

preconditions of war

Back 82

fragmented germany
religious division
calvinism and the palatinate
maximiliam of bavaria and the catholic league

Front 83

fragmented germany

Back 83

independant secular/ ecclesiasticle leaders
peace of ausburg- lutheran/ catholicism recognized (not calvinism)
germany was not unified like england/ spain/ france

Front 84

council of trent

Back 84

solved internal problems within the church

Front 85

calvinism and the palatinate

Back 85

gained power when Fredreick III became emperor of Paletine, a german state
calvinism became as feared as catholicism

Front 86

maximilliam of bavaria and the catholic league

Back 86

maximillian- duke of catholic bavaria (HRE), supported by spain
max organized a catholic league to counter act a protestant group formed under Fredrick IV of palestine

Front 87

treaty of westphalia

Back 87

restated the peace of ausburg, but included calvinism