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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Black Death
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Plague that struck Europe during the 14th century. It devastated the population and caused famine and chaos. May have been spread by rats.
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Wat Tyler
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Part of Wat Tyler's rebellion. A large peasant uprising in England 1381because of the famine and unemployment caused by the plague.
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jacqueries
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French peasant uprisings during the time of the Black Death.
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Hundred Years War
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War between England and France during the 14th century. Battles took place in France. Caused both patriotism and chaos in England.
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Joan of Arc
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Led the French army to military victories during the Hundred Years War. Burned for supposed heresy and witchcraft by the English in 1431.
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War of the Roses
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Upper-class conflicts in England from 1450 to 1485. Dukes and earls fought each other with private armies after deposing the English king. Different nobles wanted control of government and Parliament.
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bubonic plague
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Possible cause of the Black Death. A plague carried by flees that travels through the skin and infects the lymphatic system.
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Unam Sanctam
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Pope Boniface VIII's famous bill claiming that there was no salvation outside the Roman Church and every human is subject to the pope's will.
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Babylonian Captivity
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Period when the French monarchy controlled the papacy and the church. The popes lived in Avignon and the French controlled the college of cardinals.
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flagellants
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religious extremists who beat each other with chains and whips in an effort to please God in the confusion of the broken Roman Church.
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Piers Plowman
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Written by William Langland. A poor parish priest who contrasted the suffering of the poor with the hypocrisy and corruption of those in power.
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Lollards
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Group of English Christians who questioned the authority of the Church when compared with the misery of the poor.
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John Wyclif
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Teacher at Oxford who expressed and recorded the ideas of the Lollards. He questioned the need for organized church when ordinary people could just be guided by the Bible, which he translated into English.
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John Huss
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Leader of the Lollard movement in Bohemia. The Hussites became a religious party and a Slavic/Czech party resisting the supremacy of the Germans in Bohemia.
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simony
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the crime of buying or selling a church office
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indulgences
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the practice of allowing a person who properly confessed a sin to the church to purchase an indulgence which would spare them from time in purgatory.
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conciliar movement
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A reform movement in the 14th and 15th centuries claiming that the highest authority in the Roman Catholic Church lay with the Church council over the pope.
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nepotism
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church crime of a clergyman giving valuable church positions to their own children or relatives.
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concubinage
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Church officials often openly lived with their mistresses.
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Renaissance
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Word meaning "rebirth" in French. Referred to a period of awakening and renewal after the European Middle Ages. Centered in Italy.
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Quattrocento
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term meaning fifteenth century in Italian. A period of intellectual, cultural, and artistic advancement in Italy.
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artisans
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Skilled craftsmen like stonecarvers and goldsmiths who became artists during the Renaissance due to the value placed on their work.
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Dante
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Florentine renaissance poet who wrote "Divina Commedia"
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Petrarch
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Florentine poet, scholar and humanist of the early Renaissance. His writings represented the philosophy of the early Renaissance and is viewed as the first man of letters for his innovative methods of expression. Petrarch ended the subordination of literature to religion.
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Boccaccio
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Florentine Renaissance poet who wrote the "Decameron" in Italian. These were tales to entertain and impart wisdom about the human character.
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Machiavelli
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Florentine diplomat and government official. An Italian patriot who wrote "The Prince," hoping for a day when Italians would behave like the early Romans.
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Medicis
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Powerful political family in Florence. Dominated the Florentine republic through most of its Renaissance period and later became the hereditary dukes of Tuscany.
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Lorenzo de' Medici
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Grandson of Cosimo de' Medici. Famous leader of Florence who used his wealth to govern the city and also as a great benefactor of art and learning.
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city-states
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The political unit of Renaissance Italy. Each city was independently governed and relatively free from Church influence.
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Cicero
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Roman philosopher whose ideas were used during the Renaissance to support a system of ethics separate from Christianity and tradition.
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Bruni
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Italian humanist who wrote that "The whole glory of man lies in activity," showing the movement away from the medieval ideals of retirement and meditation.
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virtu
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the successful demonstration of human powers. An admired quality in Renaissance men, meaning they were aggressive and knowledgeable in their craft.
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perspective
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A new mathematical concept concerning the representation of space in relation to the beholder's eye. It allowed painters to represent three dimensional architecture and landscapes.
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Bellini
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Renaissance painter who painted a condottiere and portrayed the vivid personality through his painting according to the trend of the time.
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humanism
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Renaissance literary movement. Literature became a portal for thoughts, feelings, and artistry rather than just information. Humanists admired and imitated the classical Greek and Roman scholars.
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Christine de Pisan
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Female Renaissance writer who spread humanist themes from Italy to France with her writing.
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Salutati
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humanist who became the chancellor of Florence in 1375. He helped protect Florence from the ambitions of Milan with his writings on the glory of Florentine liberty
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Bruni
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A humanist chancellor of Florence who wrote a history of Florence. He used a flowing literary form, developed a new division of historical periods, and wrote patriotism and commitment in Florence.
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Valla
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A founder of textual criticism. Using the study of Latin historically he was able to prove that the Donation of Constantine, on which the papacy based some material claims, was a forgery.
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Pico della Mirandola
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A Renaissance scholar who looked for truth outside of the Christian scriptians. He claimed that he could summarize human knowledge in 900 these drawn from ancient scholars.
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rhetoric
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the art of using language to influence others
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Vittorino
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Italian humanist who influenced education saying that though not everyone can be important or gifted, everyone faces a life of social duty and needs education because we are responsible for our personal influence on others.
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Castiglione
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Wrote the "Book of the Courtier"
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Book of the Courtier
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the most successful book of etiquette. Taught that a courtier is a man of good birth with proper education and social training. The courtier must exhibit knowledge and skill but also a carelessness about his accomplishments.
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Donatello
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Florentine Renaissance artist and sculptor
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Massacio
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First great painter of the Quattrocento. Painted great humanist frescoes.
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Brunelleschi
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Great Renaissance Italian architect and engineer. Most of his work is in Florence.
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Christian humanism
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The humanist movement in the north where the focus remained on religion and new studies focused on HEbrew and Greek Bibles and Christian texts.
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Fuggers
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Famous German banking family. Controlled more capital than any others in Europe.
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Durer
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Painting master from Southern Germany.
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Holbein
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painting master from southern Germany
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Nicholas of Cusa
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A churchman from the Rhineland whose mystical philosophy contributed to later mathematical development.
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Regiomontanus
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German scientist who laid the foundation for a mathematical conception of the universe. Most influential scientist of the 15th century
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Copernicus
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Polish scientist who believed that the earth moved around the sun.
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Paracelsus
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revolutionized medicine at the University of Basel with wild prophecies about the idea of control over natural forces. Practiced medicine mixed with the occult.
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Dr. Faustus
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A learned German of the early 16th century who was rumored to have sold his soul to the devil for knowledge. His legend was recorded by Christopher Marlowe in 1593 and Goethe much later.
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Imitation of Christ
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Prominent document of mysticism.
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Thomas a Kempis
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Mystic author of the "Imitation of Christ"
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mysticism
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The belief occuring in the northern Renaissance that the individual sould can commune directly with God. Mystics believed there was no need for group worship, sacraments, priests, or the church. They didn't rebel against the church but also didn't need it for salvation.
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More
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An English writer who was one of the most important Northern humanists.
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lay religion
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Non-clerical groups of people who felt strongly about religion and would eventually want to reform the church from the outside. Critical of ecclesiastical abuses and very influential.
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Gerard Groote
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A lay preacher who founded the Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life.
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Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life
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groups of religious-minded men and women who lived communally but did not take religious vows. They relieved the poor and opened schools, which were among the first to divide students into grades.
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Modern Devotion
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religious teaching used by the Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life. Emphasized Christian ideal of characters and qualities like humility, tolderance, reverence, love of neighbors, and performance of duty. Spread throughout Europe
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Erasmus
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Most notable figure of the humanist movement. He was widely respected across Europe and within the Church. advised kings, popes and intellectuals alike. He attacked the abuses of the Church but not the Church itself and urged people to read the New Testament for themselves. Encouraged tolerance, restraint, good manners, scholarly understanding, peace, reforming zeal and reasonable tone in his writing.
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Tudors
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dynasty of monarchs that took the throne by force after the Wars of the Roses. United England under the New Monarchy.
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Wars of the Roses
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Wars between great nobles in England fighting for power with their own private armies.
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Henry VII
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first king of the New Monarchy. Took power after the Wars of the Roses and passed laws stopping the practice of lords keeping private armies. He established a royal council to deal with property disputes and infractions of public peace without a jury. Maintained order in England so he was popular.
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Louis XI
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first king of the New Monarchy in France. He built up a royal army suppressed brigands, and controlled rebellious nobles. He increased the monarchy's power to tax without Parliamentary consent.
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Valois line
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The dynasty of the French monarchy. Louis XI was a part of it.
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Concordat of Bologna
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Agreement between the French king Francis I and Pope Leo X in which the king agreed that the French clergy could still support the pope with money, but the king appointed French bishops and abbots.
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reconquista
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The crusade to recapture Spain from the moors. Completed in 1492 when the southern tip of Spain, Granada, was retaken.
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Ferdinand of Aragon
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monarch of Aragon, the Mediterranean part of Spain. Married Isabella of Castile but did not unite the two halves of Spain.
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Isabella of Castile
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Monarch of Castile, the half of Spain which possessed the newly discovered Americas. Married Ferdinand of Aragon.
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Hapsburg
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Family of the Archduke of Austria who was chosen by the leaders of the German states to be Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. The family controlled so much land and had so much political power in Germany that their descendants were chosen as emperor with only one exception until 1806.
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Maximilian I
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Hapsburg emperor who attempted to create a centralized government in the Empire with and Imperial Chamber and Council but his efforts were stopped by states rights. He also created the great Hapsburg empire through strategic family marriages
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Charles V
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Hapsburg Emperor who inherited all of Germany, Castile, and Aragon from his four grandparents. Most powerful ruler of his time aided by his brother who ruled lands in central Europe.
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Henry VIII
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Continued the Tudor dynasty as a king of England.
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Elizabeth I
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Daughter of Henry VIII who became queen of England after several disputes over the inheritance of the crown.
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Francis I
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King of France who reached an agreement with Pope Leo X in the concordat of Bologna about the role of the church in France.
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Luther
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German monk who objected to the Catholic Church and believed that people are saved by faith alone, not the "works" encouraged by the Church. He believed that the church did not have the authority to decide matters of faith. He won many supporters, especially in Germany.
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Tetzel
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A friar who was authorized by the pope to sell indulgences to fund the building of St. Peter's in Rome. Luther disagreed with this practice.
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95 Theses
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Luther's 95 statements about the issues of the Catholic Church. In essence, he claimed the the priesthood performed no necessary function in the relationship between humans and God.
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justification by faith alone
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Luther's belief that only inner faith and grace could win salvation. Good works did not earn grace, grace inspired good works.
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Diet of Worms
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Luther was summoned to appear before this council of the Empire held at Worms. He refused to retract his statements and was placed under the ban of the Empire. Other German princes protected him, however.
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League of Schmalkald
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A group of Lutheran princes and free cities that allied together and with the king of France, Francis I, to protect Lutheranism in resistance to the Emperor, Charles V.
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Peace of Augsburg
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Ended the war between the Hapsburg Empire and the Schmalkaldic League allied with France. This gave German states the right to choose their own national religion.
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Calvin
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A Frenchman who created his own revolutionary Christian Church. Unlike Luther, he believed in the predestination of humans and refused to recognize the subordination of a religion to any government.
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Institutes of the Christian Religion
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Written by Calvin logically explaining his view on basic theological issues. It was used all over Europe as a way for people dissatisfied with the Roman Church to express themselves.
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Henry VIII
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King of England who was first an orthodox Catholic, but then created a new Church of England so that he could divorce his wife without the approval of the pope.
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consubstantiation
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Lutheran doctrine stating that Christ is somehow mysteriously present in the bread and wine at communion, though it is not fully transformed into his body and blood.
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Sir Thomas More
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English statesman and humanist who was executed after refusing to take an oath recognizing Henry VIII as the supreme religious leader.
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Church of England
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The Church created by Henry VIII. Originally it was just like the Catholic Church but with the king at its head, but eventually it became more Protestant.
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Mary Tudor
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Queen of England who tried to re-Catholicize England and killed around 300 of her subjects for supposed heresy.
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Elizabeth I
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Queen of England after Mary died. She recreated and modified the Church of England as a Protestant church that maintained most of the structures of the medieval Catholic Church. The monarch, acting through parliament, was head of the church.
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39 Articles
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The doctrines of the Anglican Church. They were created by a council of bishops and made purposely ambiguous so that they could accommodate many types of Protestants.
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Anglican Church
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Another name for the Church of England. Protestant and run by the monarch.
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Zwingli
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A protestant reformer from Switzerland
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Catholic Reformation
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A reform of Catholicism that occurred as a response to the threats to the catholic church posed by the Protestant reformation.
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Counter-reformation
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Another name for the Catholic Reformation, preferred by Protestants.
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Council of Trent
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The church council that sat at Trent at intervals over 20 years. It reaffirmed the authority of the Pope and the role of priests, defined the 7 sacraments, declared justification to be by works and faith combined, denied people the right to interpret the bible in their own way, and dramatically reformed monasticism.
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Pope Leo III
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Pope who crowned Charlemagne as the Holy Roman Empire.
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