Ap Euro Glossary- Scientific Revolution, Absolutism, Constitutionalism

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Absolutism

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When sovereignty is embodied in the person of the ruler

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Sovereignty -

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Possessing a monopoly over the instruments of justice.

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Totalitarianism -

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Twentieth century phenomenon that seeks to direct all facets of a state’s culture in the interest of the state.

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Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642) -

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Became President of the Council of ministers and the first minister of the French crown. Strengthened the absolute power of King Louis XIII.

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Louis XIII

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(r. 1610-1643) - Influenced by Richelieu to exult the French monarchy as the embodiment of the French state.

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Fronde

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(1648-53) - Brutal civil wars that struck France during the reign of Louis XIII.

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Mazarin (1602-1661)

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- Became a cardinal in 1641, succeeded Richelieu and dominated the power in French government.

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Louis XIV - "Sun King" (

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r. 1643-1715) -had the longest reign in European history. Helped France to reach its peak of absolutist power.

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Jean-Babtiste Colbert

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(1619-1683) - An advisor to Louis XIV who proved himself a financial genius who managed the entire royal administration.

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Classicism -

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Art, literature, and advancements of the age of Louis XIV. France became the cultural center of the world.

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Mercantilism -

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The philosophy that a state's strength depends upon it wealth.

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French Classicism

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art, lit, and advancements o0f Loius XIV

France became culture center of the world

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Nicholas Poussin

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french classical painter who painted the Rape of the Sabine Women

greatest French painter of the 17th century

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William of Orange

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r 1689-1702 dutch prince invited to be the king of England aftetr the Glorious Revolution

joined league of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV

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Peace of Utrecht

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1713
-endedd Loius VIXs attempts to gain military power and land

-marked the end of French expansionist policy

-ended war of Spanish succession

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Constitutionalism

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limitation of government by law, developed in times of absolutism

may or may not be written

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Leviathan

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1651
written by Thomas hobbes

said that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to monarch by implicity contract.

claimed only absolutism could save society from constant war in which life war "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"

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William Luade. In what year was he impeached? what was the result?

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archbishop of Cantebury, tried to impose elaborate ritual and rich ceremonies on all churches

insisted on uniformity of the church and enforced it through the Court of High Commission

impeached in 1640, but not found guilty of treason

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Oliver Cromwell

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led the Roundheads

thought he was chosen by God

ruled England as Lord Protector by using his New Model Army to control the gov

eventually ruled as military dictator

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The Resoration

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1660
restored the English monarchy to Charles II

both houses of Parliament resotred,

established Anglican church, courst of law and local gov

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John Locke

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believed peo-ple were born like blank slates and ehte environement shapes developement (tabua rosa)

wrote Essay Concering Human understanding
and
Second Treatise of Gov

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Thomas Hobbes

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leading secular exponent of absolutism and unlimited sovereignty of the state

absolutism produced civil peace and rule of law

tyranny is better than chaos

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Bill of Rights (year)

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1689 stated no law could be suspended by the king; no tasex raised; no army maintained except by parliamentary consent

established after Glorious rev

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New Model Army

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created by Cromwell during English Civil War

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Petition of Rights

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1628
initiated by Sir Edward Coke
limited the power of Charles I of England
-could not declare maritial law
- he could not collect taxes;
- he could not imprison people without cause
- soldiers could not be housed without consent

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War of Austrian succession

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1740-1748
Euro conflict cause dby the rival claims of dominons of the Habsburg familiy
before the death of Charles IV, HRE and archduke of Austria, many of the Euro powers had guaranteed that Charles's daughter maria Theresa would succeed him

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Junkers

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members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism

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Pragmatic Sanction (year)

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1713
issued by Chuck VI of Austria to assure that his daughter (Maria Theresa) gained the throne

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Streltis

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a large number of soldiers in moscow who wer primarily the palace guard

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Romanovs

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1613-1917 Russian royal family, started with Michael Romanov (1613) and lasted until 1917

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Frederick William the Great Elector

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first man who made modern Prussia by strengthening the army and centralizing the bureacracy

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B0yars

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land owning aristocracy in early Russia

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Dvorianie

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established by Peter the Great in Russia, they received land and control of the peasants

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Muscovy

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a former principality in west-central Russia. Centered on Moscow, founded c.1280 and existed as a separate entity until the 16th century when it was united with another principality to form the nucleus

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Hohenzollern

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German royal family who ruled Brandenburg from 1415 and later extended their control to Prussia (1525). under Frederick I (r 1701-1713) the family's possessions were unified as the kingdom of Prussia