Ap Euro Chapter 6 Names And Terms

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Montaigne

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A french philosopher who believed that everyone believes different things and there is no way to choose between them. Led to a tolerant outlook but was not constructive for science and advancement.

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Bacon

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Englishman who questioned the methods and discoveries of scientists and philosophers before him. Wrote two volumes. The Novum Organum, calling for an inductive method of acquiring knowledge and The Advancement of Learning, which cited the usefulness of knowedge

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induction

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Gathering new information by by studying specific cases and comparing them to find the general nature of something.

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deduction

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drawing logical implications from what we already know, but not acquiring any new knowledge.

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Descartes

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A great French mathematician who rejected the Aristotelian methods. He developed a new system of math based on coordinates. Wrote Discourse on Method

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"I think, therefore I am"

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quote that embodies Descartes principle of systematic doubt. He doubted everything, but believed he could prove his own existence as a thinking human being

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Cartesian dualism

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The belief that God created two kinds of fundamental reality in the universe. "thinking substance" which is mind spirit, consciousness, subjective experience. The other wa s "extended substance," everything outside the mind.

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scientific method

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The method of experimentation that is both inductive and deductive by which scientists can prove or disprove something objectively. Descartes and Bacon helped develop it.

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Nostradamus

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A "scientific" charlatan who mixed science and magic in a way that was not productive and not recognizable as truth.

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Paracelsus

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Another "scientific" charlatan

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empiricism

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the belief that scientific knowledge arrives from sensory perceptions and physical evidence

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Galen

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A writer of the second century whose description of all human muscles and tisses was accepted as accurate until Vesalius

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Vesalius

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a wrote "The Structure of the Human Body" in 1543 which provided a new description of the human body based on actual findings

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harvey

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Wrote "On the Movement of the Heart and Blood" about the continual circulation of blood.

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Malpighi

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Italian who used the newly invented microscope to confirm Harvey's findings with the discovery of capillleries in 1661

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Leeuwenhoek

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A Dutch scientist who used the microscope to first see blood corpuscles, spermatozoa, and bacteria.

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de Graaf

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published the first description of the female ovaries. Challenged old ideas about sexual reproduction

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Napier

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Scottish mathematician who invented logarithms

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Ptolemy

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ancient Greek who codified astronomy and developed the accepted system of astronomy we all ptolemaic

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Copernicus

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German/Polish man who wrote a book "On the Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies" that used mathematics to prove that the earth and other planets revolved around the sun.

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epicycles

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complex astrological hypothetical constructions used to explain new solar findings while operating within the Ptolemaic system.

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Tycho Brahe

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the greatest authority on the actual positions and movements of the heabvenly bodies in the generations immediately after Copernicus who never accepted the Copernican system in full

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Kepler

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Tycho's asstant and follower who accepted the Copernican theory and carried it further by finding that the orbits of planets are ellipses.

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Galileo

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astronomer who built the telescope and suggested that the moon and planets might be made of earthlike materials. Also made discovery in dynamics. Developed the idea of inertia

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Newton

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brought together Kepler and Galileo in devising the theory of gravity as applied to earth and all the universe. He found that all matter has gravitational pull. This explained the behavior of matter on earth and the elliptical orbits of the planets. Developed calculus

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Pascal

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French scientist and mathematician who was also a Christian troubled by the emptiness and seeming godlessness of the newly discovered space. Developed theory of probability

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geocentrism

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belief that the earth is the center of the universe

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logarithms

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mathematical concept developed by Napier which made complex calculations possible and were of practical use in navigation and surveying.

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heliocentric theory

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belief that the sun is at the center of the solar system

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Bruno

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;aldkjf

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Leibniz

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German who invented calculus separately but at the same time as Newton

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relativism

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a sense of the relative nature of social institutions that developed in the 17th century as a result of increased interaction with the wider world

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skepticism

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the theory that all beliefs are relatives, varying with time and place

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Bayle

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The greatest spokesperson of skepticism in the 17th century. Wrote a book about how most of what people believe is mere opinion and people should not value their beliefs over much.

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Halley

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First man to predict the return of a comet

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Bishop Usher

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an Anglican prelate of Ireland who dated the creation of the world at 4004 BC. This date was and is accepted by some fundamentalists

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Simon

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a French priest who wrote "critical History of the Old Testament" which applied textual criticism to the Old Testament, proving that it has been altered and added to throughout history and could not be the literal truth. His views were rejected by the Church and the French government.

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Spinoza

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Jewish philosopher who believed that God had no existence apart from the world. Everything is an aspect of God and organized religions have no value. He believed in a pure, intellectual ethical code. His writings were held to be horrendous and impious.

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Locke

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English philosopher and man of science who authored philosophical ideas based on the value of common sense. He bonded science and religion, stating that Christianity is a reasonable religion, allowing for progress, tolerance, and moral responsibility.

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tabula rosa

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"blank tablet." Locke believed the mind to be a blank tablet at birth and the social environment shapes thought.

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Theory of natural law

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philosophy that believes there is somehow in the structure of the world a law that distinguishes right from wrong. Natural law cannot be decided by human history, culture, or authority. It can only be deduced using reason that all human beings are endowed with.

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Grotius

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published book "Law of War and eace" which explored the idea of an international law based on natural law used to unify the states of Europe

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"state of nature"

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the hypothetical state of human beings without governmental regulation. Hobbes believed this would be violence and chaos, while Locke thought that people in the state of nature would b reasonable and willing, though not entirely able to get along with each other.

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Thomas Hobbes

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English philosopher who justified absolutism, and sided with the king against Parliament in political struggles. He said that eople made an agreement with government in which they gave up their freedom in exchange for law and order provided by an absolute ruler. He did not believe that any government was endowed by God.

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Leviathan

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Thomas Hobbes' book on social structure. It was an early example of the social contract idea, supporting a social contract and an absolute ruler

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pantheism

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Belief that everything is part of an all-encompassing God. This philosophy generally rejects organized religion. It has roots in Spinoza.