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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Series of revolts in FR which guided Louis XIV's policy towards nobles
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The Fronde 1648-1653
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The geometric gardens of Versailles represented this
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A prison to the nobles
The "Gilded Cage" |
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adviser to Louis XIV who explained the principle of divine rights and his doctrine
King=God and Father |
Bishop Jacques Benigne Bossuet's Politics Derived from Holy Writ
Divine Right Theory used biblical allusions like Solomon. God gave him power over Israel-->give all kings power over provinces |
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Louis XIV evoked this which drove away the Calvinist Huguenots to Prussia and Netherlands (wanted uniform society)
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Edict of Nantes
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minister to Louis XIV who's mercantilism theory says that government must intervene to increase wealth by whatever means necessary
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert
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House architect and garden architect of Versailles
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Le Vau and Le Notre
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The title "The Sun King" was modeled after this person
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Apollo
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Louis XIV's Roots/Methods/Sources of Absolute Authority (9)
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1. Versailles- awed citizens+ other monarchs
2. Court Ritual and Entertainment- occupied nobles less likely to plot 3. Art and Ornamentation- Beginning of propaganda + "cult of personality" 4. Religious Orthodoxy- uniformity 5. Bureaucracy/INTENDANT system 6. Mercantilism 7. Large/well-trained standing army 8. Divine Right Justification 9. Suppression of Estates General and the Parlements |
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Louis XIV's benefits for France
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Superpower, center of trade, well trained army
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Louis XIV's harm to France
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Peasants suffered, war + versaille = $=taxes, religious prosecution
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1600s was the age of...(3)
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-Absolutism
-The French! -Louis XIV |
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Components of Absolutism (4)
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-Further centralization of government power--> one person
-King = embody sovereignty -"L'etat c'est moi" -justified by divine right (used to defend against nobles and urban middle class) |
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Divine Right (3) had this religious leaning
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Catholics embraced it more than Protestants because they are used to a hierarchy
-king has a mandate from heaven -king represents God on earth and rules in his stead -king is God's lieutenant |
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Ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia
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Frederick William of Hohenzollern
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Prussian nobles
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Junkers
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Problems with Prussia's geography (4)
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1. Territory divided
2. Brandenburg landlocked (not a naval power, trade, colonial) 3. Poor soil in Prussia because it was too North 4. Subject to wars (30 yrs' war) b/c near Sweden and Denmark |
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Prussia's geographical goal
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gain land to connect territories (1700s) ==> German Unity 1871
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New gun of Prussia
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Flintlock Musket
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Brandenburg-Prussia's capital, ruling dynasty, and religion
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Berlin, Hohenzollerns, Calvinism
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5 great powers of european history
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East: Russia (Romanov), Prussia, Austria (Hapsburg)
West: France (Bourbon), England (Stuarts, Hanover) |
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What was the German Dualism?
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Prussia & Austria, ultimate task: unification
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He aimed for maximum military power, hated the French, Collected giants, had no court, and was plain and not ostentatious
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King Frederick William I "Sergeant King" 1713-1740
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In Brandenburg-Prussia, the ruler was the ______
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elector of the HRE
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Frederick William "Great Elector" (1640-1688) consolidated power in 4 ways
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1. established personal authority at expense of estates (representative institutions of each territory)
2. strong standing army 3. created efficient bureaucracy 4. extended territory |
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Junker/Peasant relationship
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Frederick William collected tax from their people and give Junkers control over enserfed peasants. Junkers were officers of army. Junkers serve elector, pleasants serve nobles
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What king collected giants and what were they called?
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King Frederick William I "Sergeant King"
Potsdam Grenadiers |
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This military system allowed Frederick William I the ability to recruit men for the army. Every regiment must recruit own people and own leader.
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Canton System
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Prussian Limitations compared to other major powers (6)
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1. Scattered territory; individual laws, etc
2. Part of larger, Austrian-dominated HRE 3. Landlocked = no navy, no colonies 4. Destruction of 30 Yrs' War 5. Poor resources/econ capability/soil/farming/very flat = no natural defenses 6. SMALL (less pop, fewer soldiers, small tax base, small urban pop) |
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Prussian Societal/Political Characteristics (5)
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1. Duty, obedience, efficiency, organization
2. "State-service" -> Junkers served in military + bureaucracy 3. Strict class separation! No land sold to non-nobles, nobles=officers/army 4. religious toleration 5. strict noble control of peasants (serfs) |
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Prussian Military Innovations (7)
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1. Fixed bayonet to weapons
2. firing-in-turn (3 lines) continuous fire 3. Iron ram-rod 4. Marching in step-> looked intimidating (attack of group not individuals) w/ standardized uniforms 5. buildings->cannon factories + arsenals 6. Public education 7. Canton system (recruitment) |
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Competing Political systems of the 1600s and their followers
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Absolutism: France, Sweden, Spain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, (England under Stuart kings)
Constitutionalism: England, Dutch Republic, Poland-Lithuania |
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Sweden under this ruler was made a supreme power of northern Euro after the Thirty Years' War. Included Finland, Estonia, half of Latvia, and much of the Baltic coastline of modern Poland and Germany.
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Gustavus Adolphus
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Absolutism in Sweden began after this Queen abdicated and converted to Catholicism
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Queen Christina (daughter of Gustavus Adolphus)
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This country had the largest ratio of soldiers to total population size
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Sweden
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Three territories and their ethnic makeup under Austrian control
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1. German Austria
2. Czech Bohemia 3. Magyar Hungarians (later became minority because Turks invaded and decreased pop by 65% and Austrians introduced foreigners into the community) |
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This HRE emperor built his armies and state authority and defended against Turks. He built a permanent standing army, recruited and planned to replace mercenaries, checked Louis XIV's ambitions, and had to gain support of local aristocrats for $.
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Leopold I
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This region's king was replaced with hereditary rulers of Austrians and its rebel nobles were replaced with Czechs, Ger, It, SP, Irish who use Ger and professed Catholicism and loyalty to Austria
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Bohemia
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Under this treaty, Turks had to surrender almost all of Hungary to the Austrians
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Treaty of Karlowitz 1699
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In this event, the turks invaded Vienna and the city was nearly lost
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Turkish Intrusion of 1683
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This Prince reformed the supply, equipment, training, and command of the Hapsburg forces driving the Turks out of Hungary
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Prince Eugene of Savoy
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This was enforced in Russia to assign all subjects to a hereditary class according to their current occupation or state needs
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Social Code of 1649 (slaves and peasants were part of serf class)
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This man rebeled and provided peasant resistance to the Tsar in Russia
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Stephen Razin 1667
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This Tsar wanted a bigger army, exclusive control over state policy, greater control of Russian Orthodox Church, intervened in daily lives, wanted western influence
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Tsar Alexei (absolutist)
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Landlord/serf relationship in Russia
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serfs cannot change occupations or move (slaves and peasants)
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The Old believers were...
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a religious group who rejected church efforts to bring Russian worship in line with Byzantine traditions under Tsar Alexei (persecuted)
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Stuart Kings and Queens in order
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James I
Charles I Interregnum (commonwealth) Charles II James II William and Mary Anne |
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England in the 1600s saw a struggle between...
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Divine Right Absolutism: govt that centralized authority in 1 person who exercises unlimited power over the state and its ppl as God's chosen
Constitutionalism 1688: govt w a written set of laws that defines govt power and guarantees certain rights to people and divides power between king and parli |
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This king combined scottish and english monarchy
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James I
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Why did James I have so much trouble dealing with his English subjects?
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Absolutism angered puritan parli and increased tension
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Key complaints of James I (2)
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1. absolutist
2. increase debt w/ courtly activities |
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This king was openly homosexual and participated in bearbaiting, cock fighting, was very smart but was an alcoholic
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King James I
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Assassination attempt of James I
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Guy Fawkes
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Charles I pushed his country into civil war with these RELIGIOUS issues (3)
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1. Queen Henrietta was FR catholic (made son James II catholic)
2. Archbishop William Laud increased the ceremonies/rituals of the Anglican church 3. Laud slit noses, cropped ears, and branded faces of rebellious Puritans |
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Charles I pushed his country into civil war with these POLITICAL issues (3)
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1. Charles I believed that Parli had no right to share power with him
2. refused to call parli between 1629-1640 3. infuriated members of parli who saw refusal of parli call as a violation of their ancestral rights dating to Magna Carta |
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Charles I pushed his country into civil war with these ECONOMIC issues (3)
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1. desperate for money...didn't want to call parli
2. got creative-forced people to buy noble titles, imposed huge fines in the star chamber 3. "ship money" imposed on all towns |
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This petition ensured parli the right to levy taxes and was assented under Charles I
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Petition of Right 1628
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This man sued Charles I over ship money
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John Hampden
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Puritan Leaders of Parli (3)
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1. John "Long Parliament" Pym
2. John "Ship Money" Hampden 3. Oliver "Ironsides" Cromwell |
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Events of the English Civil War
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Petition of Right
Charles I dismisses Parli 1629-1640 John Hampden loses ship money case "Bishops' Wars" begin--Scotland rebels against attempts of Charles I to impose Anglican Church (lots of $, bad lost) "Short Parli"-Charles I calls to get funds for war, they refuse, he dismiss "Long Parli"-led by John Pym, Charles gets $, agrees not to dissolve Par or impose taxes Civil War begins 1642- Charles sends troops to arrest Pym and Hampden--fails, he flees and raises royalist army |
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Leaders, Army, Name of soldiers, religion, haircuts of Parli and Monarchy
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Parli: Oliver Cromwell, New Model Army, Roundheads/Ironsides, Puritan Calvinists, Bowl cuts
Monarchy: Charles I, Royal Army/Royalist, Cavaliers, Anglicans, Long curly locks |
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This was the largest battle of war--cromwell's troops earn title "Ironsides"
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Battle of Marston Moor 1644
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Charles I surrenders to scots--they turn him over to Parli
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1645 Battle of Naseby
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1645-1649 Charles I was ____
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prisoner
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Puritans split into two factions after Cromwell's takeover
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Cromwell's "independents" (more radical) and the "presbyterians" (less radical)
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Colonel Pride drives out Presbyterians from Parli--leaving "The Rump"
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1648 Pride's Purge (eliminates enemies)
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During the 1649 execution of Charles I, the crowd___
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groaned (unlike FR revolution)
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1649-1653 "Puritan Commonwealth" Republic had 4 components
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1. War continued against Scotland, Ireland, Dutch Republic
2. Many radical groups now agitated for change (levellers, diggers, ranters, quakers) 3. other countries refused to recognize regicidal rump 4. infuse anglican church with puritan values |
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The English were especially upset by the social changes of...(6)
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1. closed theaters
2. no bearbaiting, no cock fighting 3. no gambling 4. closed ale houses 5. no swearing 6. no elaborate christmas celebrations |
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This was the name of the dictatorship of Cromwell from 1653-1658
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The Protectorate
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Cromwell takes title ____ and abolishes the ______ in 1653
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Lord Protector; Rump
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Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
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The Irish had been mainly under teh control of the Irish Confederate Catholics who in 1649 signed an alliance with the English Royalist party. After the party's defeat during the civil war, Cromwell came into Ireland with his forces and defeated the Confederate and Royalist coalition and occupied the country. He passed a series of Penal laws against Roman Catholics (majority of pop) and confiscated land.
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The commonwealth govt passed these acts to establish a mercantilist econ policy to provide BR with an exclusive position in international trade. The govt produced an outburst of anti-Dutch propaganda. English merchants had to use English ships.
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Anti-Dutch Navigation Acts of 1651
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Charles II's reign was known as the...
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Restoration Period
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Most people were relieved for the return of Charles II for these reasons (4)
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1. welcomed return of monarchy
2. end to puritan social restrictions 3. return of court 4. general peace |
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Charles II was known as the...
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Merry Monarch
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3 domestic/foreign events made Charles II's reign memorable
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1. Plague May 1665- cramped, no sewage system, no building codes
2. Great Fire 1666- not sure how it started, huge (charles part of brigade), put out with fire breaks 3. War with Dutch |
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Because Charles II had no children...
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His brother James II became king after
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This was a treaty between Charles II and Louis XIV. Louis pays $ in return for conversion to Catholicism if possible
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1670 Secret Treaty of Dover
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Two issues still unresolved between Stuarts and Parli during Charles II's reign
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1. Religion: Charles leaned catholic, Declaration of Indulgence 1672, Test Act 1673
2. Absolutism |
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This suspended all laws against Catholics and Protestant dissenters (puritans) and both can hold public office
passed during Charles II's reign |
Declaration of Indulgence 1672
angered Parli |
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This was passed by Parli during Charles II's reign to say that all govt officeholders has to profess Anglican allegiance to prove loyalty
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Test Act 1673
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"Warming Pan Baby"
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Mary of Modena, James II's wife, was catholic and could not conceive a child for several years. Finally, she had a heir and baptized him catholic. This angered parli and started the glorious revolution
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1689 Bill of Rights guaranteed 5 things
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1. no standing army or levy taxes w/o parli consent
2. W&M has to call parli every 3 years 3. no cruel/unusual punishments 4. right to bear arms 5. free speech (in parli) |
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Glorious revolution 1688-1689 cost/benefit to parli + william III
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William III:
cost-agreed to significant limits on royal power benefit- england joins his war vs louis xiv ($ + navy) Parli: cost-joins expensive, protracted war vs france benefit-co-equal partner w/ king at long last |
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during the glorious revolution, this was passed to allow freedom to dissenters (puritans) but no political office
stressed NO CATHOLIC TOLERATION |
Act of Toleration 1689
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Military, political, and philosophical victory of glorious revolution
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1. military- "bloodless"
2. political- "triumph of parli > king (still not ceremonial though) 3. philosophical- constitutionalism > absolutism (power of govt limited by framework of law) Victory for constitutionalism, parliament, landed gentry (house of commons) |
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Why the glorious revolution was not a democracy
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"From monarchy to squirearchy"
only elites can participate right now |
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3 key events during Queen Anne's reign
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1. 1701 Act of Settlement: no catholic kings!
2. 1707 Act of Union: England + Scotland = United Kingdom of Britain 3. 1701-1714 War of Spanish Succession & Peace of Utrecht |
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Govt of DR: this took care of foreign policy and has deputies chosen from each province
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Estates General
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Rich merchants of DR who ran one of the seven provinces
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Regents
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executive officer of DR responsible for defense and for representing the state at all ceremonial occasions (most often prince of orange)
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stadholder
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new financial capital of Europe which had this bank which offered low interest rates
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DR; Bank of Amsterdam
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Country with the best educated people (high literacy and urbanization) with a middle class who support artists (mass market art)
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DR
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DR Challenges (3)
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1. no strong central authority
2. naval wars with Eng drained state's revenues 3. dangerous land wars with FR |
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King of England and stadholder of DR
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William III
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Why it's great to be Dutch (9)
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1. Tallest people in the world!
2. Newly independent in 1648 3. Financial and Shipping capital of EU 4. Bank of Amsterdam 5. Best educated, most prosperous middle class (Univ of Leiden) 6. Flourishing Baroque art location (Rubens, Rembrandt, Vermeer) 7. Freedom of thought (no censor) 8. Religious tolerance 9. Constitutional! |
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Drawbacks to being Dutch (4)
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1. Constitutionalism != Democracy
2. Commercial success = attention (a. English Navigation Acts 1651 under Cromwell => b. Anglo-Dutch Sea Wars 1652-74 which made ENG chief naval + shipping pwr c.FR/Louis XIV territorial aggression) 3. Small territory/pop/resources 4. Mercantilist values encouraged other countries to form their own colonies, trade routes, navies ($ flowed out) |
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European Societal Pyramid (5) in order
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Nobles, Middle class, artisan class, working poor, underclass
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Aspects of middle class lifestyle (7)
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1. House with 5-7 rooms--privacy
2. Focus on consumer goods->clocks, mirrors, tea sets, porcelain 3. Meat and drink beer and wine 4. Bought art/patronage 5. Kept domestic servants 6. Theater/Courtly manners 7. literacy/reading literature |
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New Roles for women 1600s (4)
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1. Salons
2. Writers--novels (anonymous) 3. Art 4. Passed on manners & culture to kids |
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The Journey from Africa to the New World is called the...
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Middle Passage
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Flow of goods in the atlantic system
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EU--gun,cloth,iron,beer,coastal interaction-->AFRICA--slaves->NEW WORLD--raw material,cotton,SUGAR,tobacco-->MOTHER COUNTRY
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Why did New England only have 3% slaves but SC had 60%?
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plantation crops were suited only for southern climates--northern altitudes were not necessarily more "enlightened"...
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Countries participating in the slave trade (7)
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FRANCE, BRITAIN, DUTCH, Portugal, Prussia, Denmark, US
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When does EU slavery of Africans end?
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1807-BR govt declared buying, transporting, and selling of slaves illegal but not against the law to own slaves
**1833-GB passed Abolition of Slavery Act providing for the emancipation in the BR W. Indies |
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Why does EU slavery of Africans end? (3)
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1. Industrial Revolution brought new demand for efficiency, free trade, and free labor
2. BR's ties with America were loosened when she lost her colonies in the American War of Independence 1776 3. The Enlightenment and the FR revolution brought ideas of universal liberty, equality, and natural rights |
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Justification of slavery
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demeaning mental and spiritual qualities of the enslaved Africans
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Textile used to trade with AFR traders were actually manufactured in...
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India
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Deserters and crews from ENG, FR, and DR to become pirates
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buccaneers
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In India, ____ and _____ fought for spices, cotton, and silk
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England and France
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Key characteristics of Mercantilism (10)
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1. EXPORT more than imports
2. Gold and Silver will flow INTO your country, not OUT 3. Found COLONIES-gain raw materials, sell goods back to col. **4. Govt starts HIGH EXTERNAL TARIFFS 5. govt eliminates all INTERNAL TARIFFS (keep goods flowing) 6. SELF-SUFFICIENT in everything 7. Use own TRANSPORTATION to ship goods (no Dutch!) 8. Make WASTE GROUNDS FERTILE, put POOR to work, use all resources 9. Import SKILLED WORKERS 10. Don't MISSPEND $ on tobacco |
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Famous Mercantilists
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Colbert and Louis XIV, along with Dutch, England, Russia, Prussia, etc
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Mercantilism replaced by...
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Adam Smith's "Free Market Capitalism"
Wealth of Nations 1776 |
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Members of the League of Augsburg/Grand Alliance against France under Louis XIV (9)
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Eng, DR, SP, HRE, Sweden, B-PR, Saxony, Bavaria, Savoy
(All protestant dominated nations bc FR revoked Edict of Nantes) |
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SP Succession: line of SP kings
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Charles V Haps
Philip II Philip III Philip IV CHarles II (mentally and physically challenged!->last hapsburg) |
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Two claims to SP
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FR (through Marie Theresa) and HRE
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Will of Charles II indicated that spain would go to...
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Philip V BOURBON (Catholicism)
Grandson of Louis XIV |
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War of SP Succession = _____ vs_____
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FR vs Dutch-led coalition
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Why was spanish succession so intolerable?
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Upset balance of power
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Differences between Russia and the West (8)
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1. Christian but Orthodox
2. Cyrillic language 3. Vast Size 4. No real middle class 5. Serfdom instead of free peasantry 6. Serfs could be bought and sold as property 7. Eastern influences in culture and dress 8. No reciprocal social contract between tsar and people |
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Westernization methods (12)
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1. St Petersburg "Window to the West", "Venice of the North"
2. Technical Schools/Academy of Science 3. Importation of Foreign Advisors 4. Western Dress/No beards 5. Translation of foreign literature/newspapers--Peter edited it 6. First Russian Navy--Peter built 7. Modern Army-schools for artillery/engineering 8. Holy Synod-state control of Russian Orthodox Church 9. State service for Boyars ("Table of Ranks" advancement based upon merit) 10. Mercantilism 11. "Great Embassy" tour of the West 12. Changed numerals to arabic numerals |
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Peter's personal characteristics
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1. no one did more than Peter the Great (Louis XIV depended on advisors)
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Peter's FOPO
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Gain WARM-WATER SEA PORTS: Baltic Sea (sweden), Black Sea(ottoman), Pacific
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Peter's FOPO led to (2)
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Great Northern War (1700-1721): against Sweden/Charles XII
-Battle of Poltava/"Scorched Earth Policy" -demise of Sweden Wars against Ottomans -result: no perm foothold on black sea yet -goal: constantinople |
