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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Portuguese trading empire
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-First of Europe's commercial-colonial empires
-Maintained superiority of firearms and sea power -Trade, in heart of the Spice Islands (west of New Guinea) |
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The Potosí silver mines
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-In Peru
-Rich silver deposits, new methods of extrracting silver from ore by the use of mercury -America's production of precious metals increases suddenly, gold flowed from America to Spain |
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Population growth
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-Grew rapidly in the high middle ages
-90 million in 1600, 20 million difference since 16th century |
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The price revolution
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-Steady rise in prices, steady decline in value of a given unit of money, gradual inflation
-Very slow, one cause was growth of population |
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New entrepreneurs
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-New kind of long-distance business
-Started out as merchants |
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The "putting out" system
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-To avoid the restrictive practices of the towns and guild they "put out" the means of work (looms, equipment) to people in the country
-Also called "domestic system" |
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Divergence between capital and labor
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Introduction of factories caused this
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New industries
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-Their nature didn't fit with a town-centered system and were capitalistic
-Ex. mining, printing |
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New banking practices
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-Bankers lent money expected interest back
-Sometimes as much as 30% a year -Change from Middle Ages it was frowned upon, but nothing could stop it |
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Commercial capitalism
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-The effect was a commercialization of industry
-Main people were merchants -Mercantilism= force gold and silver into the system |
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Opposition to guilds
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-Mercantilist frowned upon them because they controlled wages.
-In England, guilds ceased to be important -Lead to new industries |
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National markets
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-Governments were subsidizing exports, paying for goods whose production they wanted
-National tariff system formed, mercantilist wanted free trade |
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Small freeholders
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-The "yeomanry"
-A class between the landed gentry and the rural poor |
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The bourgeoisie
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-A person living in a town and enjoying it's liberties
-Social class with $ |
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Middle class growth and diversity
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-In size, importance, kind of persons
-Grew in 16th century |
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The working class poor
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-Mass of the population
-Unskilled wage laborers, also unemployed and paupers -Begged, were unable to read or write |
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New schools and universities
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-Secondary level of schooling emerges
-Grammar schools, and colléges= combined work of grammar school with other things |
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Wider access to education
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-Schools, colleges, and universities got students from a wide range of classes
-Not so much for girls |
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Government and social classes
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Promoted distinctions between nobles and commoners
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Serfdom in eastern Europe
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-Russia, Bohemia, Hungary
-Most of peasants became serfs by violence and forced labor -Rural masses lost personal freedom (this did not happen in West) |
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Philip's Catholicism
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-International figure in religious matters
-Strict Catholic, wanted universal church where there were no minorities |
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The Escorial
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-Palace that Philip II built for himself
-Solid stone |
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The Catholic offensive
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-The great crusade, offensive on all fronts
-Philip sent a new and firmer general to the Netherlands= Duke of Alva -Duke suspended religious and political dissidents by establish Council of Troubles |
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The Netherlands provinces
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-Northern= spoke German, open to the sea
-Southern= spoke French, busy commercial centers, more Calvinist |
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Revolt of the Netherlands
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-Philip wanted to extend the Inquisition into the Netherlands, and wrote a petition
-Netherlands refused the petition and a mass revolt broke out -Calvinist pillaged churches and broke windows, ect. |
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England lends support to the Dutch
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-Queen Elizabeth aids Netherlands, which greatly angers King Philip
-Thought they were friends -She feared that Catholics might side with Spain, so she beheaded Mary Queen of Scots |
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The Union of Utrecht
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-Prince of Parma rallied southern provinces on his side, while the northern provinces, led by Zeeland and Holland, formed the union as a response
-Formally declared their independence from Philip -Called the United Provinces of the Netherlands |
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England as bulwark of Protestantism
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-England was chief of Protestantism
-Also of anti-Spanish feelings |
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The Spanish Armada
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-Ready in the early 1588
-Most prodigious assemblage of naval power in the world -30,000 men, sent to England -Ends up failing, English victory |
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Partition of the Netherlands
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-Twelve Years' Truce was agreed to
-Partition= Spainards took Antwerp, seven provinces north of the line were Dutch (Protestant), 10 provinces south were the Spanish Netherlands (Catholic) |
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The beginnings of Spanish decline
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-Remained a military power, but it had an internal decline
-Philip dies, weakened by inflation |
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The Moriscos
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-Crypto-Musclims
-They included some of the best farmers and most skilled artisans |
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Centralization vs. localism
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-The king and those who worked for him dealt with all subordinate bodies
-Since towns were spread out, there was also a local influence |
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The Hugeunots
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-French Calvinists
-Comprised of nobility, small in numbers yet powerful |
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Opposition to Calvinism
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-Both Francis I and Henry II opposed the spread, so did Lutheran and Anglican rulers
-Seemed to threaten power of monarchy and nationalism |
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St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
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-Thousands of Huguenots were murdered
-Coligny was killed -Henry Navarre escaped by changing his religion -Led to Huguenot fury and civil war |
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The Politiques
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-Politicals, thought too much emphasis on religion, that no doctrine was important enough to justify everlasting war
-There is room for two churches |
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Henry IV accepts Catholicism
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-Subjected himself to papal absolution so Catholics and politiques would work with him
-Huguenots horrified by this |
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The Edict of Nantes
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-Henry IV responded to Huguenots demands for protection and religious liberty
-Granted every noble the right to hold Protestant services in his own household -Also, allowed P in towns where it was prevailing form of worship |
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The foundations of absolutism
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-Henry IV did everything to regain peace between the religions and restore business
-Built roads, bridges, worked to put gov. back together -Was assasinated |
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Renewed threat of civil war
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-Nobles still feuded
-Richelieu prohibited warfare and destroyed all castles and forts not manned by king, and forbade dueling -Huguenots still organized in secret and had a revolt which had military support from England |
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German decline
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-In 1500 it led life in Europe, but in 1600 it lost it's former cultural creativity and leadership
-Mainly Lutherans, and suffered from cultural isolation |
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Lutheran gains
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-Peace of Augsburg provided each state gov. could prescribe religion of its subjects
-Put Lutheran administrators into church states |
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Complexity of the Thirty Years' War
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-Resulted from pressures
-German civil war fought over Catholic-Protestant issue and constitutional issues (emperor wanted to build up central power of HRE) |
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The Bohemian war
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-Bohemians=Czechs, feared loss of their Protestant liberties
-King/HRE=Mathias -Defenestration of Prague=threw two Habsburgs out the window -HRE sent troops to restore authority, Bohemians killed him |
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French and Swedish alarm
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-Alarmed by counter-reformation
-Richelieu sent ppl help Sweden |
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Gustavus Adolphus
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-King of Sweden
-Created most modern army of the time -Protestant |
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European involvement
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-Spanish raided the south
-Portugal and Catalonia rebelled against Philip IV, France endorsed them |
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Lengthy peace negotiations
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-Peace at Westphalia
-Armies were still fighting during negociations -France and Spain refused to make peace with each other -Germany allowed to determine its own religion, Calvinism, Lutheranism, and Catholicism are acceptable faiths -Protestants won |
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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
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-Borderlands of Empire lost
-Lost Dutch and Swiss (gained independence) |
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Germany fragmented
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-German states (over 300) could conduct diplomacy and make treaties
-No laws could be made by HRE, no taxes, no soldiers without consent of all 300 states |
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System of sovereign states
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-Peace blocked Counter Reformation
-Frustrates Habsburgs -Independent powers who didn't recognize any superior powers -No universal Europe |
