Ap Euro Chapter 15 - Central/eastern Europe

Front 1

Central and Eastern Europe (in comparison to Maritimes)

Back 1

Less economically advanced, fewer cities, serfdom, no overseas empire or trade, conflict took place at home, "soft" political structure

Front 2

Ottoman Empire

Back 2

Dominant political power in the Muslim world; very big and diverse (toleration); religious authorities were very influential (which ultimately became a bad thing as they held too much onto tradition and refused to modernize)

Front 3

Millets

Back 3

Units through which sultans governed; officially recognized religious communities, each with their own laws/rights/affairs/&c.

Front 4

Dhimmis

Back 4

Non-Islamic persons practicing a recognized religion; considered second-class citizens...

1. Could not serve the empire
2. Paid a special poll tax (jizyah)
3. Could not serve in the military
4. Could not wear certain colors

...but enjoyed economic success (because their skills remained isolated within communities)

Front 5

Devshirme

Back 5

Process by which the Ottomans recruited elite troops; gathered Christian boys and raised them as Muslims

Front 6

Janissaries

Back 6

Elite infantry

Front 7

Government positions

Back 7

The Ottomans recruited authority figures from groups loyal to the sultan, not from powerful families. Slaves of the sultan filled important positons and achieved great influence and status

Front 8

Ulama

Back 8

Islamic scholars; played a big role in government as advisors; failed to recognize the need to modernize and contributed to the decline of the empire

Front 9

Circle of Equity

Back 9

The sultan and his administrators would consult the Ulama for advice; in return the Ulama would support the state

Front 10

Decline of the Ottoman Empire (contributing factors)

Back 10

1. Failed attempts at expansion
2. Internal rivalry weakens the government
3. Falling behind in technology
4. Loss of trade (Europe circumnavigates the Middle East)
5.Loss of territory (Treaty of Carlowitz)
6. Inwardness and isolation
7. Influence of the Ulama

Front 11

Treaty of Carlowitz

Back 11

Forced the Ottomans to surrender territories at the heart of their empire (very damaging)

Front 12

King John III Sobieski

Back 12

Led a Polish army to rescue Vienna from the Turks (this is the only nice thing the chapter says about Poland and I think it's important that you know it)

Front 13

Poland (politically)

Back 13

Divisions among the Polish nobility prevented the election of a monarch; most Polish kings were tools of foreign powers

Front 14

Sejm

Back 14

Polish legislative body; included only the nobility (lacked represenation completely)

Front 15

Liberum veto

Back 15

Any one member of the Sejm could disband the body (they called this "exploding the diet") and unanimity was required to to anything (this made it really hard for the Sejm to be even a little bit effective)

Front 16

Habsburg Empire (geographically)

Back 16

The Austrian Habsburgs acquired a lot of far-flung and diverse territories with no basis for political unity; to establish some kind of uniformity and control, they began to create common policies and bargain with the nobilities of each territory

(the only particular territory I care to know is Bohemia)

Front 17

Leopold I (Austrian Habsburgs)

Back 17

Successful leader: rallied the domains to resist the Ottomans, suppressed a Magyar rebellion, conquered Romania and the Balkan Peninsula

Strength gained in the east have Austria political leverage in Germany

Front 18

Pragmatic Sanction

Back 18

Charles VI of Austria had no male heir, so he created a legal basis for his daughter Maria Theresa to inherit the throne

But: when Charles dies, he leaves Maria Theresa without a lot of soldiers or money, thus making the empire vulnerable to foreign aggression (Frederick II of Prussia invades)

Front 19

Hohenzollerns and their territories

Back 19

Prussian family who, like the Habsburgs, acquired a lot of geographically separated and economically useless territories (and ruled Brandenburg besides); to unite their holdings, the Prussians used their army

Front 20

Frederick William (Great Elector)

Back 20

Began to unite the territories: broke local noble estates, organized a royal bureaucracy, created a strong army (funded by taxes)

Front 21

Junkers

Back 21

Nobilities of the Prussian territories; allowed dominion over serfs in exchange for their cooperation with Frederick William

Front 22

Frederick I (the first King of Prussia)

Back 22

Son of the Great Elector; did nice things instead of conquering, but lent the army to the Holy Roman Emperor in the War of the Spanish Succession - in exhange for the favor, the emperor granted him the title "King of Prussia"

Front 23

Frederick William I (THE King of Prussia)

Back 23

Son of Frederick I; very effective ruler

1. Initiated Kabinett policy (allows him to rule alone)
2. Imposed taxes on the nobility
3. United all departments under the General Directory
4. Transformed loyalties into a sense of duty to the monarch (as an institution, not an individual)

Front 24

Prussian army

Back 24

Symbol of Prussian power and unity, not an instrument of agression; the army became the highest social class and military values dominated daily life

Front 25

Frederick II

Back 25

Lacks the wisdom of Frederick William I and uses the army to invade Silesia