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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ptolemy
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-beginning to question geocentric theory
- attempted to explain "epicycles" |
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Aristotle
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-some objects fall to earth but others seem weightless relative to the earth became of composition- different inherent tendencies and properties.
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Hermeticism
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claimed that matter in universally imbued with divine spirit
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Philippus von Hohenheim -Paracelsianism
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theory of chemical imbalance forerunner of understanding of pathology
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Galen
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imbalance of bodily "humors" caused illness
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Neo-Platonism
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revival of certain aspects of Plato's thought - emphasized the abstract nature of true knowledge and thus encouraged mathematical investigation
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Nicilas Copernicus 1473-1543
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German family in Poland - interest astromomy - (On the Revolution of Heavenly Bodies, 1543) *Gregorian calendar issued in 1582 by George XIII, was based on Copernicus's calculations -believed the earth and all other planets and stars, and sun. Wrote "De Revolutionibus"
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Inductive versus Deduction
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prove conclusion/solution versus working toward solution
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Dane Tycho Brahe 1546-1601
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first post-Ptolemaic astromomer, first to imporve on the data that the ancients and all subsequent astromomers had used.
Built an observatory, Uraniborg-improved on ancient observations with large and finely calibrated instruments that permitted precise measurements-his major contribution was his astronomical data |
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Johannes Kepler 1571-1630
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german, apprentice to Brahe, later Rudolf II's court mathematician
Contribution to new astromomy was mathematical, used Mars to explain all planetary motion because it's close to the earth, but it's orbital path is farther from the sun -eliminated the need for epicycles -second law - described the rate of a planet's motion around its orbital path -third law - demonstrates that the distance of each planet from the sun and the time it takes each planet to orbit the sun is in constant ratio. |
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Galileo Galilei 1564-1642
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Italian, patron Medici
Contributed to the development of a new physics mechanics that could account for the movement of bodies -famous for his astronomical observations improved on the telescope -the "Starry Messenger" -published solar observations in "Letters on Sunspots" -geokinetic theory (that the earth moves) was declared heretical -summarized his life's work in Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World (1632) |
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Francis Bacon 1561-1626
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lord chancellor of England
-argued in New Atlantis that science would produce "things of use and practice for man's life" -in Novum Organum, faith in science by advocating systematic observations and experimentation to accumulate knowledge about the world -works were influential in encouraging both the empirical method (relying on observation and ecperimentation) and inductive reasoning (deriving general principles from particular facts) |
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earliest academy
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Accademia Segreta (secret Academy) founded in Naples
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Most celebrated academy
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Accademia dei Lincei founded in Rome
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Rene Descartes 1596-1650
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-created the first fully articulated alternative world-view- published in "discourse on Method)
-described intellectual crisis in Meditations -theory that all matter is made up of identical bits naed "corpuscles", is a forerunner of modern atomic and quantum theories |
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"I think, therefore I am"
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-some thought he encouraged "atheism"
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"Cartesian dualism"
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-proposed the human mind is detached form the world yet at the same time can objectively analyzze the world, spiritual is set aside from the body.
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Rene Descartes published
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Discourse
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Blaise Pascal 1623-1662
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Mathematician invented probability theory
-investigated air pressure,the behavior of liquids, and the existence of vacuums -Justified Jansenism (extreme Catholic) -Pensees - published fragments of his defense of Christian faith |
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Chrisian Huygens 1629-1695
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Dutch - worked on air pressure and optics
-invented and patented the pendulum clock in 1657 - first device accurately measure small units of time |
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Robert Boyle 1627-1691
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English
-formed core of Royal Society of London -emphasis on refinement of experimental philosophy and practice -New Experiments Physico-Mechanical describes results of his experiments with an air pump (gases) |
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Isaac Newton 1643-1727
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English
-completed the new explanation for motion in the heavens and on earth -developed calculus -new mechanistic understanding of the universe was the mathematical computation of the laws of gravity and planetary otion combined with inertia -Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy- laid out laws of motion and expressed them as mathematical theorems -president of Royal Academy of Sciences |
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Galen (On Anatomical Procedures)
Biology |
encouraged dissection and other practical research
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Andreas Vesalius 1514-1564
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worked on blood
-revealed in his work "On the fabric of the Human Body" demonstrated errors in Galen's work |
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William Harvey 1578-1657
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Englishman
-postulated the circulation of blood, circulation must occur - "Motion of the Heart" -challenged Galenic anatomy -lungs carried out some of the functions for the blood |
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Women's role in the field of science
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-importance of court life and patronage enabled women to be involved, ran salons, sources partronage and scientists themselves
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Maria Cunitz 1610-1664
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-astronomer
-published simplification of Keplers's mathematical calculation |
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Maria Sibylla Merian 1647-1717
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-used artistic training and bvervation to study and record features and behaviors of insects and plants in the new world
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margaret Cavendish 1623-1673
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-english
-Grounds of Natual Philosophy -she distrusted sensory knowledge |
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Maria Winkelman 1670-1720
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German astronomer
-tried to succeed husband in offical postion in Berlin Academy - they did not allow her -discovered a new comet in 1702 |
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Christian Huygens
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produced work in optics and mechanics
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New World-view
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undermined political systems
-technological possibilities attractive to governments (ex vacuum pumps) |
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Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679
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-theorized about the nature and behavior of matter
-best known for Leviathan -applies to the world of human beings as omposed of "self-motivated", atom like structures -ideal states, is one in which a strong sovereign controls the disorder that inevitables arises from the clash of desires -compared the state to a machine that 'ran" by means of laws and was kept in good working order by a skilled technician - the ruler -accepted into community of French philosophers, comfortable with royalty, but it envisioned citizens as potentially equal and constrainded neither by morality nor by natural obedience to authority |
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John Locke 1632-1704
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Englishman
-Essay on Human Understanding and Two Treatises on Governments -argued that human knowledge is largely the product of experience -argued that people are capable of self-restraint and mutual respect in their pursuit of self-interest -state arises from a contract that individuals freely enter into to protect themselves, their property, and their happiness from possible aggression by others..rebellion is justified -Letter on Toleration - religious belief is fundamentally private and that the most basic Christian principles need to be accepted by everyone |
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Pierre Bayle 1647-1706
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Frenchman
Baruch Spinoza - believed the state to have a moral purpose and human happiness to have spiritual roots -Bayle best know work - Dictionaire historique et critique -Historical and Critical Dictionary - observations about and critisms of every thinker whose works were known at the time -first systematic skeptic |
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Bernard de Fontenelle 1657-1757
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Frenchman
-greatest popularizer of the new science of his time -secretary to Academic des Sciences -"thePhilosophic spirit, today so much in evidence, owes its beginnings to Fontenelle" |
