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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ch18
writers, critics who forged new attitudes favorable to change and who florished in the emerging print culture |
philosophes
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approach study in mature way; empirical support; concrete experience; rationality in the physical world; if nature rational then so should society |
Newtonian worldview
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all humans enter world blank; personality product of sensation ffrom experience |
John Lock/ An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)
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we enter as blank slate |
tabula rasa
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voice of enlightenment; conveiction of need for change in France and admiration of Britian; |
Francois Marie Arouet/ Voltaire
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praised virtues of English and indirectly criticized French society |
1773: Letters on the English
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popularized the thoughts of Voltaire |
1738: Elements of the Philosophy of Newton
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Voltaire worte fo many essays, history papers, plays, stories, and letters |
"literary dictator"
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satire-attacked war and what he reguarded as unwarnted optimism about human condition |
1759: Candide
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culture on which books, journals, newspapers, and pamphlets had achieved a status of their own |
"print culture"
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English essayist, critic, and dictinary; published as books collections of essays that had first appeared in newspapers or journals |
Samuel Johnson
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fostered the value of polite conversations and the reading of books |
The Spectator: Joseph Addison/ Richard Steel
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one of teh greatest undertakings in print culture; 17 volmes; most advanced ideals on religion, gov, philosophy, etc. |
Encyclopedia/ Denis Diderot/ Jean Le Rond d' Alembert
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summed up attitude of a # pf philosophes toward church and Chritianity |
"Crush the Infamous Thing"
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philosophes believed that life of religion and life of reason could be combined giving rise to new movement |
deism
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early deist work; indicated general tenor of this religious outlook-religion natural and rational |
1696: Christanity Not Mysterious/ John Toland
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accused of having murdered his con to precent him from converting to RC; tortured and strangled and never confessed |
Jean Calas
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hounded authorities for new investigation for Calas; 1765 judicial decision was reversed |
1763: Treatise on Tolerance
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german playwrite and critic; a ploea for toleration of Christiansects and other religions |
1779: Nathan the Wise/ Gotthold Lessing
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voltire: humerously pointed out inconsistencies in biblical narratives and immoral acts of heros |
1764: Philosophical Dictionary
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argued that no empirical evidence supported the belief in divine miracles central to Cristianity |
1748: Of Miracles (Inquiry into Human Nature): David Hume
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explained rise of Christianityin terms of natural causes rather than the influence of miracles and piety |
1776: The Decline and the Fall of the Roman Empire: Edward Gibbon
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opened enlightment to larger debate over relgiion and place of Jews in European life |
Baruch Spinoza
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Spinoza indentified God and nature closely |
Ethics
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Spinoza anticipated religious criticism of the Enlightenment and attacks power of superstition in human life |
1670: Theologic-Political Treatise
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leading Jewish philosopher--advocated the entry of Jews into modern Eruropean life; posibility of loyalty to Judaism combined with adherence to rational enlightenment values |
Moses Mendelsohn (Jewish Socrates)
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Mendelsohn argued both for advancing extensive relgious toleration and maintaining religious distiction of Jewish communities |
1783: Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism
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applied critical analysis to problem of making punishments both effective and just |
1764: On Crime adn Punishment: Cesare Becarria
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philosophes in France; mercantilsm and regulation of labor hampered trade expansion etc.; gov protect property |
physiocrates
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physiocrates leaders in France |
Francois Quesnay/ Pierre Dupont de Nemours
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important economic work of Enlightenment; economic liberty was the foundation of natural economic sys |
1776: Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations: Adam Smith
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Smith founder; favors limited role for gov in economic life |
Iaissez-faire
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human societies can be classified as hunting, gathering, agric, commercia |
four-stage theory
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noble of rode, lawyer; Bordeaux Academy of Science and presented papers on science topics |
Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu
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Montesquieu: satirize contemporary institutions; how Euro behavior contrasted w/ Persian |
1721: The Persian Letters
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example of British constitution as the wisest model for regulating teh power of gov |
1748: The Spirit of Laws
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antipathy for world and society; humans can't live by commercial values to live lives |
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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process of civilization and enlightenment had corrupted human nature |
1750: Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Science
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blamed musch evil in the world on uneven distribution of property |
1755: Discourse on the Origins of Inequality
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does not propose reforms but outlines political structure that he believed would overcome evils of contemporary politics and society |
1762: The Socail Contract/ Locke
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mistress of Louis XV-key role in effort to censor Encyclopedia; helped block circulation of works attacking philosopes |
Marquise de Pompadour
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set forth radical version of view that men and women occupy seperate shperes; women suvordinate men |
1762: Emile/ Rousseau
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brought Rousseau before judgment of rational Enlightenment ideal of progressive knowledge |
1792: A Vindication of the Rights of Women/ Mary Wollstonecraft
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declared "Peter was born, and Russia was formed" |
1759: History of the Russian Empire Under Peter the Great/ Voltaire
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noneconomic policies; Hohenzollern policy of toleration; allowed Catholics and Jews; appointed Prot. major positions; "first servant of teh state" |
Frederick the Great of Prussia
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Austria was the most diverse in its people and problems |
"vast holding company"
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support nobility; attempted to suppress internal varriers to trade; friend of philosophes |
Catherine the Great
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guaranteed nobles rights; empress had no choice but to favor nobles |
1785: The Charter of Nobility
ch18#48 |