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190 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Start and end of Renaissance in Italy: |
1300-1527 |
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Year Renaissance spread to Northern Europe: |
1450 |
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Start and end of Renaissance in England: |
16th century through early 17th century |
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What class did the Renaissance apply almost exclusively to? |
Upper class people |
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What class did the Renaissance apply almost exclusively to? |
Upper class people |
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Why did the Renaissance apply almost exclusively to the upper class? |
1) Lower classes were not literate and could not learn the classics. 2) Lower classes were too busy to take the time to study humanities, whereas upper class people had the luxury of that time. |
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Signori |
(A.k.a. Oligarchies or despots) controlled much of Italy by 1300 |
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Commenda |
The contract between merchants and "merchant-adventurer"'s who agreed to take goods to distance locations and return with proceeds (merchant--adventurers received 1/3 of the profit) |
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How did Italian city-states ensure one state did not rise to full power? |
The weaker city-states unified together against the stronger |
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How did Italian city-states ensure one state did not rise to full power? |
The weaker city-states unified together against the stronger |
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What led to Italy's downfall and when was it? |
The political disunity in Italian city-states was the death of them when French and Spanish armies invaded Italy in the last 15th and early 16th centuries. |
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How did Italian city-states ensure one state did not rise to full power? |
The weaker city-states unified together against the stronger |
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What led to Italy's downfall and when was it? |
The political disunity in Italian city-states was the death of them when French and Spanish armies invaded Italy in the last 15th and early 16th centuries. |
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Condottieri |
Mercenary generals of private armies hired by cities for military purposes |
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How did Italian city-states ensure one state did not rise to full power? |
The weaker city-states unified together against the stronger |
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What led to Italy's downfall and when was it? |
The political disunity in Italian city-states was the death of them when French and Spanish armies invaded Italy in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. |
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Condottieri |
Mercenary generals of private armies hired by cities for military purposes |
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When did the Republic of Florence have lots of power? |
14th and 15th centuries |
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What family dominated the Republic of Florence and what were some key members of that family? |
The Medici Family
Cosimo de' Medici: 1394-1464, allied with other powerful families in Florence and became unofficial ruler of Florence
Lorenzo de' Medici (the "Magnificent"): 1449-1492, significant patron of the arts, son of Cosimo |
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What family dominated the Republic of Florence and what were some key members of that family? |
The Medici Family
Cosimo de' Medici: 1394-1464, allied with other powerful families in Florence and became unofficial ruler of Florence
Lorenzo de' Medici (the "Magnificent"): 1449-1492, significant patron of the arts, son of Cosimo |
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What other republic did the Republic of Florence include? |
The Republic of Genoa |
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Duchy of Milan |
Ruled by Sforza family after 1450 |
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Duchy of Milan |
Ruled by Sforza family after 1450 |
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Who were Milan's main adversaries until what point and why did it change? |
Venice and Florence until 1454 when the Peace of Lodi created a relative 40 year peace in Italy |
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Rome, the Papal States |
Popes were both political and religious leaders, controlled much of central Italy |
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Rome, the Papal States |
Popes were both political and religious leaders, controlled much of central Italy |
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Venice, Venetian Republic |
Longest lasting of Italian city-states (until 1800's), one of worlds greatest naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries, greatest maritime power in Italy |
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Rome, the Papal States |
Popes were both political and religious leaders, controlled much of central Italy |
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Venice, Venetian Republic |
Longest lasting of Italian city-states (until 1800's), one of worlds greatest naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries, greatest maritime power in Italy |
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Naples, Kingdom of Two Sicilies |
Only city-state to officially have a king, controlled by France front 1266-1435 then by Spain after 1435 |
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Rome, the Papal States |
Popes were both political and religious leaders, controlled much of central Italy |
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Venice, Venetian Republic |
Longest lasting of Italian city-states (until 1800's), one of worlds greatest naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries, greatest maritime power in Italy |
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Naples, Kingdom of Two Sicilies |
Only city-state to officially have a king, controlled by France front 1266-1435 then by Spain after 1435 |
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Who invaded Italy (and when) that initially caused the Italian city-states to decline? |
The French in 1494 ("First Italian War") -French King Charles VIII invaded Naples, it marked the beginning of foreign invasions throughout Italy |
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Rome, the Papal States |
Popes were both political and religious leaders, controlled much of central Italy |
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Venice, Venetian Republic |
Longest lasting of Italian city-states (until 1800's), one of worlds greatest naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries, greatest maritime power in Italy |
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Naples, Kingdom of Two Sicilies |
Only city-state to officially have a king, controlled by France front 1266-1435 then by Spain after 1435 |
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Who invaded Italy (and when) that initially caused the Italian city-states to decline? |
The French in 1494 ("First Italian War") -French King Charles VIII invaded Naples, it marked the beginning of foreign invasions throughout Italy |
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What caused the overthrow of the Medici family? |
When Florence attempted to appease France during the 1494 invasion (The Medici family returned to power several years later but Florence was already severely weakened) |
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Rome, the Papal States |
Popes were both political and religious leaders, controlled much of central Italy |
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Venice, Venetian Republic |
Longest lasting of Italian city-states (until 1800's), one of worlds greatest naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries, greatest maritime power in Italy |
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Naples, Kingdom of Two Sicilies |
Only city-state to officially have a king, controlled by France front 1266-1435 then by Spain after 1435 |
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Who invaded Italy (and when) that initially caused the Italian city-states to decline? |
The French in 1494 ("First Italian War") -French King Charles VIII invaded Naples, it marked the beginning of foreign invasions throughout Italy |
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What caused the overthrow of the Medici family? |
When Florence attempted to appease France during the 1494 invasion (The Medici family returned to power several years later but Florence was already severely weakened) |
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Girolamo Savonarola |
Became unofficial leader of Florence between 1494-1498, oversaw a theocracy in Florence, became a puppet of the French, burned at the stake when France left Italy |
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Rome, the Papal States |
Popes were both political and religious leaders, controlled much of central Italy |
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Venice, Venetian Republic |
Longest lasting of Italian city-states (until 1800's), one of worlds greatest naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries, greatest maritime power in Italy |
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Naples, Kingdom of Two Sicilies |
Only city-state to officially have a king, controlled by France front 1266-1435 then by Spain after 1435 |
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Who invaded Italy (and when) that initially caused the Italian city-states to decline? |
The French in 1494 ("First Italian War") -French King Charles VIII invaded Naples, it marked the beginning of foreign invasions throughout Italy |
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What caused the overthrow of the Medici family? |
When Florence attempted to appease France during the 1494 invasion (The Medici family returned to power several years later but Florence was already severely weakened) |
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Girolamo Savonarola |
Became unofficial leader of Florence between 1494-1498, oversaw a theocracy in Florence, became a puppet of the French, burned at the stake when France left Italy |
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When did France remove themselves from Italy? |
1498 |
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Rome, the Papal States |
Popes were both political and religious leaders, controlled much of central Italy |
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Venice, Venetian Republic |
Longest lasting of Italian city-states (until 1800's), one of worlds greatest naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries, greatest maritime power in Italy |
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Naples, Kingdom of Two Sicilies |
Only city-state to officially have a king, controlled by France front 1266-1435 then by Spain after 1435 |
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Who invaded Italy (and when) that initially caused the Italian city-states to decline? |
The French in 1494 ("First Italian War") -French King Charles VIII invaded Naples, it marked the beginning of foreign invasions throughout Italy |
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What caused the overthrow of the Medici family? |
When Florence attempted to appease France during the 1494 invasion (The Medici family returned to power several years later but Florence was already severely weakened) |
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Girolamo Savonarola |
Became unofficial leader of Florence between 1494-1498, oversaw a theocracy in Florence, became a puppet of the French, burned at the stake when France left Italy |
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When did France remove themselves from Italy? |
1498 |
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Italy became a battleground in a series of power struggles between what two countries? |
Spain and France |
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Rome, the Papal States |
Popes were both political and religious leaders, controlled much of central Italy |
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Venice, Venetian Republic |
Longest lasting of Italian city-states (until 1800's), one of worlds greatest naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries, greatest maritime power in Italy |
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Naples, Kingdom of Two Sicilies |
Only city-state to officially have a king, controlled by France front 1266-1435 then by Spain after 1435 |
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Who invaded Italy (and when) that initially caused the Italian city-states to decline? |
The French in 1494 ("First Italian War") -French King Charles VIII invaded Naples, it marked the beginning of foreign invasions throughout Italy |
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What caused the overthrow of the Medici family? |
When Florence attempted to appease France during the 1494 invasion (The Medici family returned to power several years later but Florence was already severely weakened) |
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Girolamo Savonarola |
Became unofficial leader of Florence between 1494-1498, oversaw a theocracy in Florence, became a puppet of the French, burned at the stake when France left Italy |
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When did France remove themselves from Italy? |
1498 |
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Italy became a battleground in a series of power struggles between what two countries? |
Spain and France |
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Who did Spain ally with because they feared a French-Italian alliance? |
Venice, the Papal States and the Holy Roman Empire |
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Rome, the Papal States |
Popes were both political and religious leaders, controlled much of central Italy |
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Venice, Venetian Republic |
Longest lasting of Italian city-states (until 1800's), one of worlds greatest naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries, greatest maritime power in Italy |
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Naples, Kingdom of Two Sicilies |
Only city-state to officially have a king, controlled by France front 1266-1435 then by Spain after 1435 |
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Who invaded Italy (and when) that initially caused the Italian city-states to decline? |
The French in 1494 ("First Italian War") -French King Charles VIII invaded Naples, it marked the beginning of foreign invasions throughout Italy |
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What caused the overthrow of the Medici family? |
When Florence attempted to appease France during the 1494 invasion (The Medici family returned to power several years later but Florence was already severely weakened) |
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Girolamo Savonarola |
Became unofficial leader of Florence between 1494-1498, oversaw a theocracy in Florence, became a puppet of the French, burned at the stake when France left Italy |
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When did France remove themselves from Italy? |
1498 |
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Italy became a battleground in a series of power struggles between what two countries? |
Spain and France |
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Who did Spain ally with because they feared a French-Italian alliance? |
Venice, the Papal States and the Holy Roman Empire |
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Niccolò Machiavelli wrote what book and who was it based on? |
The Prince based on Cesare Borgia |
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Rome, the Papal States |
Popes were both political and religious leaders, controlled much of central Italy |
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What were the three main points about rulers that Machiavelli makes in The Prince? |
1) the ends justify the means 2) it is better to be feared than loved 3) rulers need to be cunning and practical as well as aggressive and ruthless (at times like a lion, at others like a fox) |
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Venice, Venetian Republic |
Longest lasting of Italian city-states (until 1800's), one of worlds greatest naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries, greatest maritime power in Italy |
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Naples, Kingdom of Two Sicilies |
Only city-state to officially have a king, controlled by France front 1266-1435 then by Spain after 1435 |
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Who invaded Italy (and when) that initially caused the Italian city-states to decline? |
The French in 1494 ("First Italian War") -French King Charles VIII invaded Naples, it marked the beginning of foreign invasions throughout Italy |
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What caused the overthrow of the Medici family? |
When Florence attempted to appease France during the 1494 invasion (The Medici family returned to power several years later but Florence was already severely weakened) |
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Girolamo Savonarola |
Became unofficial leader of Florence between 1494-1498, oversaw a theocracy in Florence, became a puppet of the French, burned at the stake when France left Italy |
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When did France remove themselves from Italy? |
1498 |
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Italy became a battleground in a series of power struggles between what two countries? |
Spain and France |
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Niccolò Machiavelli wrote what book and who was it based on? |
The Prince (1513) based on Cesare Borgia |
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Niccolò Machiavelli wrote what book and who was it based on? |
The Prince based on Cesare Borgia |
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Lifespan of Machiavelli |
1469-1527 |
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Was the Prince influential in Italy? |
Yes, it was the "quintessential political treatise of the 16th century", yet continued so for centuries to come |
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What signified the end of the fall of the Italian Renaissance? |
The 1527 Sack of Rome: sacked by army of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (also King of Spain) |
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8 Main characteristics of humanism: |
1) revival of antiquity (Greek and Roman) in philosophy, literature and art 2) strong belief in individualism and the great potential of human beings 3) focused on rediscovering, translating and printing ancient languages and texts 4) Rejected Aristotles views and scholasticism 5) Agreed with views of Cicero, Livy, Virgil, Plato and New Testament 6) believed in liberal arts education 7) civic humanism 8) often humanists were secular, though many were Christian |
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8 Main characteristics of humanism: |
1) revival of antiquity (Greek and Roman) in philosophy, literature and art 2) strong belief in individualism and the great potential of human beings 3) focused on rediscovering, translating and printing ancient languages and texts 4) Rejected Aristotles views and scholasticism 5) Agreed with views of Cicero, Livy, Virgil, Plato and New Testament 6) believed in liberal arts education 7) civic humanism 8) often humanists were secular, though many were Christian |
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Virtú |
"The quality of being a man" aka the idea of excelling in ones own pursuits |
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What did humanists believe was the key to a good life? |
Reason and nature |
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When was the fall of the Byzantine Empire and what language started to be studied afterward? |
1453 and it started the rigorous study of Greek |
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When was the fall of the Byzantine Empire and what language started to be studied afterward? |
1453 and it started the rigorous study of Greek |
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Civic Humanism |
Idea that education should prepare leaders who would be active in civic affairs |
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Petrarch life span: |
1304-1374 |
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Petrarch life span: |
1304-1374 |
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Petrarch considered father of ____ |
Humanism |
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Humanism: Petrarch life span: |
1304-1374 |
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Petrarch considered father of ____ |
Humanism |
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Petrarch considered to be first modern ____ |
Writer |
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What did Petrarch call the Middle Ages? |
The "Dark Ages" |
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What did Petrarch call the Middle Ages? |
The "Dark Ages" |
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What was Petrarch the first to use in ancient texts? |
Critical analysis |
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What did Petrarch call the Middle Ages? |
The "Dark Ages" |
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What was Petrarch the first to use in ancient texts? |
Critical analysis |
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What did Petrarch write his famous poetry in? |
The Italian vernacular |
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Boccacio lifespan and most famous work? |
1313-1375 and he wrote Decameron |
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Humanism: Boccacio lifespan and most famous work? |
1313-1375 and he wrote Decameron |
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Basic composition of the Decameron and what did it aim to do? |
Comprised of 100 fairy tales which were a social commentary of the 14th century and aimed to impart wisdom of human character and behavior |
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Humanism: Leonardo Bruni lifespan and significance |
1370-1444, first to use the term "humanism", serves as chancellor in Florence, wrote a history of Florence, was an important civic humanist |
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Humanism: Lorenzo Valla lifespan and significance |
1407-1457, expert of Latin language, challenged the church though he was a devoted Christian, writer Works: Elegances of the Latin Language (1444) On the False Donation of Constantine (1444) Latin Vulgate |
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7 important humanists: |
Petrarch, Boccacio, Leonardo Bruni, Lorenze Valla, Marsilio Ficino, Pico Della Mirandola, Baldassare Castiglione |
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Marsilio Ficino |
1433-1499, founded the Platonic Academy at the behest of Cosimo de' Medici in the 1460's (the Academy served to spread works of Plato and philosophy throughout Europe), translated Plato's works into Latin |
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Marsilio Ficino |
1433-1499, founded the Platonic Academy at the behest of Cosimo de' Medici in the 1460's (the Academy served to spread works of Plato and philosophy throughout Europe), translated Plato's works into Latin |
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Pico Della Mirandola |
1463-1494, member of Platonic Academy, wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) |
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Marsilio Ficino |
1433-1499, founded the Platonic Academy at the behest of Cosimo de' Medici in the 1460's (the Academy served to spread works of Plato and philosophy throughout Europe), translated Plato's works into Latin |
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Pico Della Mirandola |
1463-1494, member of Platonic Academy, wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) |
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Oration on the Dignity of Man |
Written in 1486 by Pico Della Mirandola, most famous Renaissance art on the nature of humankind, "humans were created by God and therefore given tremendous potential for greatness, and even union with God if desired", humans could also chose a negative course, HUMANS HAD FREE WILL TO BE GREAT OR FAIL |
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Baldassare Castiglione |
1478-1529, wrote the Book of the Courtier (1528) |
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Baldassare Castiglione |
1478-1529, wrote the Book of the Courtier (1528) |
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Book of the Courtier |
Written by Baldassare Castiglione in 1528, important regarding Renaissance education, specified qualities necessary to be a true gentlemen (included virtú) |
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Baldassare Castiglione |
1478-1529, wrote the Book of the Courtier (1528) |
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Book of the Courtier |
Written by Baldassare Castiglione in 1528, important regarding Renaissance education, specified qualities necessary to be a true gentlemen (included virtú) |
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Johann Gutenberg invented what? |
The printing press (aka movable type) |
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Baldassare Castiglione |
1478-1529, wrote the Book of the Courtier (1528) |
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Book of the Courtier |
Written by Baldassare Castiglione in 1528, important regarding Renaissance education, specified qualities necessary to be a true gentlemen (included virtú) |
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Johann Gutenberg invented what? |
The printing press (aka movable type) |
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When was the first bible printed and where? |
1457-58 in Mainz, Germany |
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Baldassare Castiglione |
1478-1529, wrote the Book of the Courtier (1528) |
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Book of the Courtier |
Written by Baldassare Castiglione in 1528, important regarding Renaissance education, specified qualities necessary to be a true gentlemen (included virtú) |
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Johann Gutenberg invented what? |
The printing press (aka movable type) |
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When was the first bible printed and where? |
1457-58 in Mainz, Germany |
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The invention of the printing press facilitated the spread of what? |
The Reformation |
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What city-state led the Italian Renaissance in art and in what century? |
Florence in the 1400's |
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What city-state led the Italian Renaissance in art and in what century? |
Florence in the 1400's |
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Massive patronage for the arts came from where? |
Wealthy families such as the Medici's who commissioned numerous works of art |
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What city-state led the Italian Renaissance in art in the 1400's? |
Florence |
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Massive patronage for the arts came from where? |
Wealthy families such as the Medici's who commissioned numerous works of art |
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Give an example of a work of art the Sforza's commissioned? |
The Last Supper by Leonardo |
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A second place patronage came from? |
The local churches who saw art as a way to further glorify God |
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A second place patronage came from? |
The local churches who saw art as a way to further glorify God |
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Three examples of the churches patronage: |
Brunelleschi's Dome, Ghiberti's baptistery doors, Michelangelo's David |
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What city-state led the Renaissance in art in the 1500's? |
Rome |
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What city-state led the Renaissance in art in the 1500's? |
Rome |
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What pope spent huge sums of money on art patronage in Rome? |
Alexandra VI (1492-1503) |
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How did the perspective of paintings shift from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance? |
Middle Ages: flat, 2-dimensional faces Renaissance: 3D effect |
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Chiaroscuro |
Use of dark and light colors to create the illusion of depth |
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How did Renaissance art express individualism? |
Faces were unique and showed emotion |
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Sfumato |
Technique of blurring or softening sharp outlines (developed by Leonardo) |
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Renaissance sculpture: |
Free-standing/designed to be seen at all angles, influenced by Greek and Roman sculpture, glorifies the human body (often nude), glorified the individual |
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Renaissance architecture: |
1) Used Greek and Roman forms (especially Greek temples) 2) Simplicity, symmetry and balance |
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Who was considered to be the first Renaissance painter? |
Giotto (1266-1336) |
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Filippo Brunelleschi |
1377-1446, Il Duomo (largest done in Europe at the time), Filippo was considered the father of perspective |
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Lorenzo Ghiberti |
1378-1455, sculptor, won baptistery door contest in 1403 |
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What did Michelangelo call Ghiberti's second set of doors? |
"Gates of paradise" |
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Donatello |
1386-1466, bronze statue of David, first Renaissance artist to use a nude figure in a sculpture |
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Masaccio |
1401-1428, painter, Expulsion of Adam and Eve (1427), first Renaissance artist to paint 3D nude figures |
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Sandro Botticelli |
1444-1510, painter, Birth of Venus, portrays humanism |
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Sandro Botticelli |
1444-1510, painter, Birth of Venus, portrays humanism |
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Contrapposto |
Technique in art where subject has more weight on one leg/their body is not all in alignment |
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When and where was the "High Renaissance"? |
Rome in the 16th century |
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When and where was the "High Renaissance"? |
Rome in the 16th century |
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Top 3 popes that provided patronage to the arts |
Alexander VI, Julius II and Leo X |
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Three characteristics of High Renaissance |
Classical balance, harmony, restraint |
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Give the context around what marked the start of the High Renaissance in Rome |
Bramante's Tempietto (1502)--Alexander VI appointed him to build a sanctuary that marked the spot St. Peter was crucified |
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Give the context around what marked the start of the High Renaissance in Rome |
Bramante's Tempietto (1502)--Alexander VI appointed him to build a sanctuary that marked the spot St. Peter was crucified |
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Leonardo da Vinci |
(1452-1519) Quintessential Renaissance man: painter, sculptor, writer, engineer, architect, scientist |
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Give the context around what marked the start of the High Renaissance in Rome |
Bramante's Tempietto (1502)--Alexander VI appointed him to build a sanctuary that marked the spot St. Peter was crucified |
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Leonardo da Vinci |
(1452-1519) Quintessential Renaissance man: painter, sculptor, writer, engineer, architect, scientist |
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What new Renaissance technique was the Mona Lisa a great example of? |
Sfumato |
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Give the context around what marked the start of the High Renaissance in Rome |
Bramante's Tempietto (1502)--Alexander VI appointed him to build a sanctuary that marked the spot St. Peter was crucified |
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Leonardo da Vinci |
(1452-1519) Quintessential Renaissance man: painter, sculptor, writer, engineer, architect, scientist |
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What new Renaissance technique was the Mona Lisa a great example of? |
Sfumato |
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Raphael Santi |
1483-1520, painter, many Madonna's and Child, member of the School of Athens |
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Give the context around what marked the start of the High Renaissance in Rome |
Bramante's Tempietto (1502)--Alexander VI appointed him to build a sanctuary that marked the spot St. Peter was crucified |
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Leonardo da Vinci |
(1452-1519) Quintessential Renaissance man: painter, sculptor, writer, engineer, architect, scientist |
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What new Renaissance technique was the Mona Lisa a great example of? |
Sfumato |
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Raphael Santi |
1483-1520, painter, many Madonna's and Child, member of the School of Athens |
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School of Athens |
Founded by Plato |
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Michelangelo Buonarroti |
1475-1564, painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, David sculpture, designed St. Peter's done |
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Titian |
1485-1576, greatest painter of the Venetian school, used vivid color and movement, contrasted to the subtle colors of the Florentine style |
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Mannerism characteristics |
Reaction against Renaissance balance and symmetry, mannerism works used unnatural colors while shapes were elongated or otherwise exaggerated |
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Mannerism characteristics |
Reaction against Renaissance balance and symmetry, mannerism works used unnatural colors while shapes were elongated or otherwise exaggerated |
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Famous mannerism painters |
Tintoretto (1518-1594) and El Greco (1541-1614)--Greek artist who did most of his work in Spain |
