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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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an extension of monarchial power
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absolute monarchy or absolutism
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-king of France
-ruled an absolute monarch |
Louis XIV
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Four phase war
-Fought mainly over the leadership of Europe, religion (Calvinism/Catholic) -Habsburg and Bourbon both played large roles in terms of power struggle for the Holy Roman Empire |
The Thirty Years' War
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-Assumed leadership in forming the Protestant Union
-Calvanist ruler of the Palatinate |
Elector Palatine Frederick IV
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-Leader Elector Palatine Frederick IV
-Group of Protestant states |
Protestant League
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Organized by Duke Maximiliam of Bavaria
-Group of German Catholic states |
Catholic League
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-phase of 30 Years' War
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The Bohemian Phase
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-Selected as King by the Bohemian Estates
-devout Catholic who began "re-Catholicizing" Bohemia and strengthening royal power -highly disliked by the Bohemian Protestant nobles |
Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand
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--ruler of Palatinate
-head of Protestant Union -elected as leader of Bohemia after Ferdinand was deposed |
Elector Frederick V
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-Ferdinad (Holy Roman emperor), forces of Maximilian of Bavaria and the Catholic League all defeated Frederick
-Emporer Ferdinand reclaimed Bohemia as a Habsburg possession, confiscated the land of the Protestant nobles, and established Catholicism as the main religion |
Battle of White Mountain
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-Began when King Christian IV of Denmark (a Lutheran) intervened on behalf of the Protestant cause by leading an army into Northern Germany
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The Danish Phase
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-intervened on behalf of the Protestant cause by leading an army into Northern Germany
-Lutheran -made an anti-Catholic and anti-Habsburg alliance with the United Province and England -wanted lands (Catholic territories) in Northern Germany to benefit family |
King Christian IV of Denmark
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-commander of imperial forces for Emperor Ferdinand
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Albrecht von Wallenstein
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leader of the Holy Roman Empire during the Danish Phase of the 30 Years' War
-issued Edict of Restitution |
Emperor Ferdinand II
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-Issued by Ferdinand II
-prohibited Calvinist worship and restored to the Catholic Church all property taken by Protestant princes or cities during the past seventy-five years |
Edict of Restitution
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-marked the entry of Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, into the 30 Years' War
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The Swedish Phase
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-king of Sweden
-responsible for reviving Sweden and transforming it into a great Baltic power -brought army to Northern Germany to defend his fellow Lutherans |
Gustavus Adolphus
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-Swedish phase of 30 Years' War
-Swedish forces prevailed but paid high price when Swedish king was killed in battle |
Battle of Lutzen
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-Swedish Phase of 30 Years' War
-imperial army defeats Swedish army because there is a loss of leadership after Gustavus Adolphus's death |
Battle of Nordlingen
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Last phase of 30 Years' War
-religion becoming less of an issue -Catholic French and Protestant Swedes VS Catholic Habsburgs of Germany and Spain |
Franco-Swedish Phase
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During the last phase of 30 Years' War
-French beat the Spanish and brought an end to Spanish military greatness |
The Battle of Rocroi
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-ended the war in Germany
-ensured that all German states, including the Calvinist ones, were free to determine their own religion -France gained parts of western Germany, part of Alsace, and the three cities of Metz, Toul, and Verdun, giving the French control of the Franco-German border area -Austrian Habsburgs saw their authority as rulers of Germany further diminish -more than 300 states of Holy Roman Empire recognized as independent -Habsburg emperor now only a figurehead of Holy Roman Empire -religion and politics were now separate -religion moved closer to becoming primarily a matter of personal conviction and individual choice |
Peace of Westphalia
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-ended the war between France and Spain
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Peace of the Pyrenees
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infantry armed with pikes and halberds and arranged in massed rectangles
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squadrons or battallions
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all rows of infantry fire at once instead of row by row
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salvo
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the soverign power or ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a king who claimed to rule by divine right
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absolutism
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authority to make laws, tax, administer justice,control state's administrative system, and determine foreign policy
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sovereign power
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chief theorists in divine-right monarchy
-wrote Politics Drawn from the very words of the Holy Scripture -argued that the gov. was divinely ordained so that humans could live in an organized society -God establishesd kings and throwugh them reigned over all the peoples of the world -But a monarch's absolute power was often limited greatly by practical realities |
Bishop Jacques Bossuet
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-One of the French royal ministers who was in charge because neither Louis XIII or Louis XIV were old enought to take thrown
-initiated policies that strenghthened the power of the monarch -eliminated political and military rights of the Hugeonots -executed the conspirators -key figure in the emergence of a strong monarchy in France -strengthened royal authority by eliminating private armies and fortified cities of the Hugeonots, and by crushing the aristocratic conspiracies |
Cardinal Richelieu
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series of French civil wars driven by religion--sixteenth century
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French Wars of Religion
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French Calvinists
-came from all levels of society |
Huguenots
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mother of King Henry II's neurotic sons
-ran France -moderate Catholic who looked to religious compromise as a way to defuse the political tensions |
Catherine de' Medici
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favored strict opposition to the Hugeonots
-led by the Guise Family which could recruit and pay for large armies and received support abroad from the papacy and the Jesuits |
ultra-Catholics
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a group who emerged during the French Wars of Religion in the sixteenth century, placed politics above religion, and believed that no religious truth was worth the ravages of civil war
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politiques
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Valois king
-sister married Henry of Navarre -killed hugeonots in the Saint Batholomew's Day Massacre |
Charles IX
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mother introduced Calvinist ideas into her kingdom
-married sister of Charles IX -political leader of the Hugeonots |
Henry of Navarre
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group of ultra-Catholics
-vowed to exterminate heresy and seat a true Catholic--Henry, Duke of Guise |
Holy League
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Henry, duke of Guise, siezed Paris and forced King Henry III (king who inherited thrown after Charles IX) to make him chief minister
-Henry III assassinated the duke of Guise and joined forces with Henry of Navarre who was next in line to the throne to crush the Catholic Holy League and retake the city of Paris -Henry of Navarre claimed thrown after Henry III was assassinated ------converted to Catholicism |
War of the three Henries
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edict that acknowledged Catholicism as the official religion of France but guaranteed the Huguenots the right to worship in selected places in every district and allowed them to retain a number of fortified towns for their protection
-recognized rights of Protestant minority and the principle of religious toleration |
Edict of Nantes
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-Spanish king who advocated militant Catholicism
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Philip II
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-English queen who helped England rise to prominence
-religious policy based on moderation and compromise |
Queen Elizabeth of England
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Protestants within the Anglican church who, inspired by Calvinist theology, wanted to remove any trace of Catholicism from the Church of England
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Puritans
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fleet of Spanish warships of Philip II of Spain sent to England to invade the country to return it to Catholicism
-defeated, flawed plan |
Spanish Armada
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