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57 Cards in this Set
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Scientific Revolution |
from medieval worldview to secular, rational, and materialistic perspective
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world-machine |
Newton's conception of the universe as one huge, regulated, and uniform machine that operated according to natural laws in absolute time, space, and motion.
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querelles des femmes
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“arguments about women.” A centuries-old debate about the nature of women that continued during the Scientific Revolution as those who argued for the inferiority of women found additional support in the new anatomy and medicine.
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scientific method |
a method of seeking knowledge through inductive principles, using experiments and observations to develop generalizations.
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empricism |
the practice of relying on observation and experiment.
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cartesian dualism |
descartes principle of separation of mind and matter (and mind and body) that enabled scientists to view matter as something separate from themselves that could be investigated by reason |
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rationalism |
a system of thought based on the belief that human reason and experiences are the chief source of knowledge |
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Enlightenment |
led by the philosophes, stressed application reason and the scientific method to all aspects of life.
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skepticism |
questioning attitude, especially about religion.
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cultural relativism |
no culture is superior to another- culture is a matter of custom, not reason
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philosophes
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FRENCH- intellectuals of Enlightenment believed in applying rational criticism to all things, including religion and politics, focused on improving and enjoying this world, rather than on the afterlife.
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cosmopolitan |
being sophisticated having wide international experience.
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separation of powers
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a doctrine enunciated by Montesquieu in the eighteenth century that separate executive, legislative, and judicial powers serve to limit and control each other.
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deism |
god created universe then left
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laissez-faire
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“let (them) do (as they please).” economic doctrine, economy is best w out government interfere
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economic liberalism |
government should not interfere in economy.
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Romanticism |
intellectual and artistic movement rejected emphasis on reason of the Enlightenment. stressed importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing.
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Salons |
rooms for gatherings of philosophes and other notables to discuss the ideas of the Enlightenment gave women influence
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Rococo |
new art form that emphasized grace, gentle lines, and curves, secular - reflected pursuit of worldly happiness
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Neoclassicism |
a late-eighteenth-century artistic movement that emerged in France. It sought to recapture the dignity and simplicity of the Classical style of ancient Greece and Rome.
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High culture |
book and art culture of educated and wealthy ruling classes.
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popular culture |
unofficial written and unwritten culture of masses, centered on public and group activities such as festivals
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Pietism |
a movement that arose in Germany, personal relationship with god
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hermetic magic |
alchemy mathematical magic herbs and spices helped start SR |
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medieval universe/Ptolemaic universe |
earth imperfect always changing, heavenly bodies (stars) perfect, orbits in perfect circles |
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Aristotle opinion |
thought earth was center and sun revolves around earth in perfect circles which church accepted |
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copernicus |
(1473–1543), from Poland to italy, book: On the revolutions of heavenly spheres, first heliocentric beliefs but perfect circle orbits |
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brahe |
(1546-1601), danish nobleman, built castle w observatories, studied, rejected ptolemaic system didnt believe earth moved, became mathematician for prague emperor had kepler as assistant |
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kepler |
(1571-1630), raised lutheran german went to austria to study, separated magic and science, believed universe in shapes, music of spheres, 1. planets orbit in the shape of an ellipse, not circle2. speed of planet increases closer to sundenies divine perfect motion3. planets with larger orbits revolve slower |
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galileo |
ITALIAN (1564-1642), invented telescope, taught math, discovered craters on moon, jupiters moons, 1610 book the starry messenger, destroys heavenly bodies idea, proved body accelerated when force applied and uniform movement is as likely as uniform rest |
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newton |
ENGLISH (1642-) ties together previous sciences, invents calculus, 1686 Principia written in Latin, proved laws of gravitation, 3 laws- motion in motion rest in rest equal opposite reaction, applied laws to planets made new solar system believed god was everywhere |
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Galen |
body consisted of four competing humors- blood, yellow bile, phlegm, black bile
disease from lack of balance blood systems based in liver |
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Paracelsus |
physicians arrogant. pioneered disease diagnosis and treatment claimed that the body was made of chemical reactions, not humors. disease caused by chemical imbalance that is treatable
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Andreas Vesalius |
1543 - publishes On the Fabric of the Human Bodyest. medicine should be based on dissection of the body, corrected Galen’s error on blood system
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Harvey |
English physician demonstrated blood circulates through whole body from heart
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Maria Sibylla Merian
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dissected insects and plants drew illustrated diagrams of various species
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Maria Winkelmann
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discovered her own comet
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Rene Descartes
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fundamentally changes the way humankind is perceived 1637 - publishes Discourse on Method, argues that all senses are not reliable“I think therefore I am” reason used to determine truth- not faith, mind and matter are two separate substances made by god
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Francis Bacon
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English lawyer, argued experimentation before theory, believed science should be used to maximize human utility to conquer nature
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Benedict de Spinoza
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did not accept Descartes separation of mind and matter, argued God in everything, believe people saw God for own interest, argued morality part of nature, not religion
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Blaise Pascal
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French scientist, attempted to unite religion and science, The Thoughts is published upon his death, argued humans capable of greatness but weak, Argued man not capable of perceiving “everything”, God is infinite, so not perceived by reason
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scientific societies |
1662 English Royal Society formed, not supported by government
1666 French Royal Academy formed,run and paid for by government both interested in practical inventions for good of the state, politicians wanted science for power Scientific journals spread knowledge through Europe |
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locke |
people are born with blank minds, knowledge attained through experience
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Diderot
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French writer, compile knowledge inyo Encyclopedia in 28 volumes, information controversial, French Gov. forced him underground
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Montesquieu
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French Noblemen
1748 publishes The Spirit of Laws argues checks and balances in government power split between executive/legislative/judicial |
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Voltaire |
French writer/philosopher, argued complete freedom of expression
“I do not agree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” said single mind christianity distructs |
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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1762 publishes The Social Contract
men were happy & free in natural state argued government evolved to protect private property, admitted that it was impossible to return to natural state men most take back their liberty |
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physiocrats |
argued Mercantilists wrong
wealth is not finite based on gold and silver wealth is based land, agriculture, and mining argued that economics is natural and should not be influenced by government |
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Adam Smith |
Scottish philosopher, “father of economics”
1776 - publishes “Wealth of Nations” Laissez-faire economics based on laws of supply and demand natural forces “free hand of the market” trade is always beneficial |
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Paul Holbach
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argues pure atheism humans are machines
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Marie Jean de Condorcet
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argues mankind is on way to perfection, sees history as a course of progress that is nearly complete
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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argued that if women possess reason, they must be equal obedience to men in contrast to philosophes
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Bach |
composed both secular and religious music Coffee Cantata and St. Matthew’s Passion
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George Frederick Handel
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wrote large operas, religious works
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Franz Joseph Haydn
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composed 104 symphonies, made for public
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
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child prodigy who composed first opera at age 12first to extensively use the pianovery eccentric composed on verge of poverty in Vienna
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Religion and the Enlightenment
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Europeans still religious in daily lives, Christianity weak in political affairsPope powerless over affairs of statereligious tolerance
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