A&p - Chemistry Level Of Organization

Front 1

What are all forms of matter composed of?

Back 1

Chemical Elements

Front 2

What elements make up about 96% of body mass?

Back 2

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Hydrogen

Front 3

What distinguishes the atoms of one element from those of another element?

Back 3

The Atomic Number (number of protons?

Front 4

What is the Mass Number of an atom?

Back 4

The sum of its protons and neutrons.

Front 5

What are atoms of an element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons called?

Back 5

Isotopes

Radioactive isotopes ae unstable and decay.

Front 6

What is an atom that gives up or gains electrons?

Back 6

Ion

Front 7

What is a molecule?

Back 7

Two of the same atoms that share electrons

Front 8

What is a compound?

Back 8

Atoms of two or more elements.

Front 9

What is a free radical?

Back 9

An electrically charged atom or group of atoms wit an unpaired electron in its outermost shell.

EXAMPLE: SUPEROXIDE (formed by the addition of an electron to an oxygen molecule.

Front 10

What are chemical bonds?

Back 10

Forces of attraction that hold atoms together.

Front 11

How do chemical bonds form?

Back 11

From gaining, losing, or sharing electrons in the valence shell.

Front 12

When do Ionic Bonds form?

Back 12

When the force of attraction between ions of opposite charge holds them together.

Front 13

What happens in a covalent bond?

Back 13

Atoms share pairs of valence electrons.

Covalent bonds may be single, double, or triple and either nonpolar or polar.

Front 14

Describe the HYDROGEN BOND

Back 14

An atom of HYDROGEN that forms a polar covalent bond with an OXYGEN atom or a NITROGEN atom may also form a weaker bond called a hydrogen bond, with an electronegative atom. The polar covalent ond causes the hydrogen atom to have a partial positive charge that attracts to the partial negative charge of neighboring electronegative atoms, often oxygen or nitrogen.

Front 15

Describe Chemical Reactions.

Back 15

When atoms combine with or break apart fom other atoms.

Starting Substances: Reactants

Ending: Products

Front 16

What is Energy?

Back 16

The capacity to do work.

Front 17

What are the two principal types of energy?

Back 17

POTENTIAL ENERGY (STORED)

KINETIC ENERGY (ENERGY OF MOTION)

Front 18

ENDERGONIC REACTIONS

Back 18

REQUIRE ENERGY (COUPLES WITH ATP)

Front 19

EXERGONIC REACTIONS

Back 19

RELEASE ENERGY (COUPLES WITH ATP)

Front 20

What is ACTIVATION ENERGY?

Back 20

The initial energy investment needed to start a reaction.

Front 21

When are reactions more likely to occur?

Back 21

When the concentrations and the temperatures of the reacting particles are higher.

Front 22

What do catalysts do?

Back 22

Accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

Most catalysts in living organisms are protein molecules called ENZYMES.

Front 23

Describe Synthesis Reactions:

Back 23

Combination of reactants to produce larger molecules.

ANABOLIC and usually ENDERGONIC.

Front 24

Describe Decomposition Reactions:

Back 24

A substance is broken down into smaller molecules.

CATABOLIC and usually EXERGONIC

Front 25

Describe Exchange Decomposition:

Back 25

Involve the replacement of one atom or atoms by another atom or atoms.

Front 26

Descrive Reversible Reactions:

Back 26

End products can revert to the original reactants.

Front 27

Inorganic Compounds:

Back 27

Small and usually lack CARBON

Front 28

Organic Compounds:

Back 28

ALWAYS CONTAIN CARBON
ALWAYS HAVE COVALENT BONDS
USUALLY CONTAIN HYDROGEN

Front 29

WATER

Back 29

MOST ABUNDANT SUBSTANCE IN THE BODY.
EXCELLENT SOLVENT AND SUSPENDING MEDIUM.
PARTICIPATES IN HYDROLYSIS AND DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS REACTIONS.
SERVES AS A LUBRICANT.
BECAUSE OF ITS MANY HYDROGEN BONDS, WATER MOLECULES ARE COHESIVE, WHICH CAUSES A HIGH SURFACE TENSION.
HAS A HIGH CAPACITY FOR ABSORBING HEAT AND A HIGH HEAT OF VAPORIZATION.

Front 30

Inorganic acids, bases, and salts

Back 30

Dissociate into ions in water.

Acid - ionizes into hydrogen ions (H+) and anions and is a proton donor.

Bases - ionizes into cations and hydroxide ions (OH-) and all are proton acceptors.

Salt - ionizes into neither H+ nor OH-

Front 31

What are mixtures?

Back 31

Combinations of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but are not bound by chemical bonds.

Solutions, colloids, and suspensions are mixtures with different properties.

Front 32

What are two ways to express the concentration of a solution?

Back 32

Percentage (mass per volume), expressed in grams per 100 mL of a solution.

Moles per liter. A mole (mol) is the amount in grams of any substance that has a mass equal to the combined atomic mass of all its atoms.

Front 33

pH

Back 33

7 represents neutrality

Values below 7 = Acidic
Above 7 = Alkaline

Front 34

What is the normal pH of blood

Back 34

7.35 - 7.45

Front 35

What do Buffer Systems do?

Back 35

Remove or add Protons (H+) to help maintain pH Homeostasis.

Front 36

Describe the CARBONIC ACID-BICARBONATE Buffer System:

Back 36

The bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) acts as a weak base and removes excess H+, and carbonic acid (H2CO3) acts as a weak acid and adds H+

Front 37

Carbon

Back 37

Four valence electrons bond COVALENTLY with other CARBON atoms to form LARGE MOLECULES of many different shapes. Attached to the CARBON SKELETONS of ORGANIC MOLECULES are functional groups that confer distinctive chemical properties.

Front 38

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS REACTIONS

Back 38

Small organic molecules are joined together to form LARGER MOLECULES.

WATER IS REMOVED

Front 39

HYDROLYSIS

Back 39

LARGE MOLECULES are broken down into smaller ones by the ADDITION OF WATER.

Front 40

CARBOHYDRATES

Back 40

Provide most of the chemical energy needed to GENERATE ATP.

May be MONOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES, OR POLYSACCARIDES.

Front 41

LIPIDS

Back 41

Diverse group of COMPOUNDS that include:
triglycerides (fats and oils)
phospholipids
steroids
eicosanoids.

Front 42

TRIGLYCERIDES

Back 42

PROTECT, INSULATE, PROVIDE ENERGY, AND ARE STORED.

Front 43

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

Back 43

ARE IMPORTANT CELL MEMBRANE COMPONENTS.

Front 44

STEROIDS

Back 44

ARE IMPORTANT IN CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE, REGULATING SEXUAL FUNCTIONS, MAINTAINING NORMAL BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL, AIDING LIPID DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION, AND HELPING BONE GROWTH

Front 45

EICOSANOIDS (PROSTAGLANDINS AND LEUKOTRIENES)

Back 45

MODIGY HORMONE RESPONSES, CONTRIBUTE TO INFLAMMATION, DILATE AIRWAYS, AND REGULATE BODY TEMPERATURE.

Front 46

PROTEINS

Back 46

CONSTRUCTED FROM MANY AMINO ACIDS. THEY GIVE STRUCTURE TO THE BODY, REGULATE PROCESSES, PROVIDE PROTECTION, HELP MUSCLES CONTRACT, TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES, AND SERVE AS ENZYMES.

Front 47

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF PROTEIN:

Back 47

PRIMARY, SECONDARY, TERTIARY, AND (SOMETIMES) QUATERNARY. VARIATIONS IN PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND SHAPE ARE RELATED TO THEIR DIVERSE FUNCTIONS.

Front 48

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)& RIBONUCLEIC ACID:

Back 48

NUCLEIC ACIDS CONSISTING OF NITROGENOUS BASES, FIVE-CARBON (PENTOSE SUGARS), AND PHOSPATE GROUPS.

Front 49

DNA

Back 49

IS A DOUBLE HELIX AND IS THE PRIMARY CHEMICAL IN GENES

Front 50

RNA

Back 50

TAKES PART IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Front 51

ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE)

Back 51

PRINICIPAL ENERGY-TRANSFERRING MOLECULE IN LIVING SYSTEMS. WHEN IT TRANSFERS ENERGY TO AN ENDERGONIC REACTION, IT IS DECOMPOSED TO ADENOSINE DIPHOSPATE (ADP) AND A PHOSPHATE GROUP.

ATP IS SYNTHESIZED FROM ADP AND A PHOSPHATE GROUP USING THE ENERGY SUPPLIED BY VARIOUS DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS, PARTICULARLY THOSE OF GLUCLOSE.