Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Fundamental Concepts of Chemistry
|
matter is composed of various types of atoms; change occurs with rearrangement of atoms
|
|
|
Scientific Method
|
make observation, make a prediction, experiment to test
|
|
|
theory
|
"model"; set ot tested hypothesis that gives an overall interpretation
|
|
|
natural law
|
observed behavior formulated into statement
|
|
|
law of conservation of mass
|
total mass material is not affected by chemical change
|
|
|
quantitative
|
measurement
|
|
|
mass
|
measurement of resistance of an object to a change in its state of motion
|
|
|
weight
|
response of mass to gravity
|
|
|
accuracy
|
agreement of a particular value with the true value
|
|
|
precision
|
degree of agreement between measurement
|
|
|
Significant Figures
|
leading zeroes } don't count
captive zeroes } count trailing zeroes } count with decimal |
|
|
Density
|
Mass/Volume
|
|
|
Matter
|
anything with mass that takes up space
Three States: Solid, Liquid, Gas |
|
|
Mixture
|
variable composition
|
|
|
Homogeneous Mixture
|
no distinguishable parts = solution
|
|
|
heterogeneous mixture
|
visibly distinguishalbe parts
|
|
|
physical changes
|
used to separate mixture into pure compounds but won't break into elements
|
|
|
distillation
|
seperation of mixtures using boiling points (physical); most volitale component vaporizes 1st and passes through tube and collects
|
|
|
filtration
|
mixture separation (Physical) with a solid and a liquid
|
|
|
chromotography
|
compenents of mixture have different affinities for the two phases and movement through at different rates
|
|
|
compound
|
constant composition; can be broken down by chemical means ex: electrolysis
|
|
|
chemical change
|
substance becomes a new substance with different properties and composition
|
|
|
amount of uncertainity in a measured quantity depends upon......
|
both the skill of the observer and the limitation of the measuring instrument
|
|
|
law of definite proportions
|
the ration of the masses of the elements in a compound is always the same
|
|
|
A method of separation that employs a system with two phases of matter, a mobile phase and a stationary phase
|
chromatography
|
|
|
________ are substances with constant composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes.
|
Compounds
|
|
|
Naming Binary Ionic Compound
|
1st part = element name
2nd part = -ide NaCl= Sodium Chloride |
|
|
Polyatomic Ions
|
Name polyatomic ion
NH4 = ammonium |
|
|
Naming metals with more than one charge
|
Use ROMAN NUMERALS!
|
|
|
Group One Charge
|
1+
|
|
|
Group Two
|
2+
|
|
|
Group Three
|
3+
|
|
|
6 Strong Acids
|
HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4
|
|
|
Naming Covalent Compounds
|
NF3 - Nitroden trifluoride
SF2 - Sulfur difluoride |
|
|
Dalton's Atomic Theory
|
Each element is made up of tiny particles called atoms; atoms of a given element are identical; chemical compounds are formed when atoms combined; chemical reactions involve reorganization of atoms
|
|
|
Avagadro's Hypothesis
|
at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain the same # of particles
|
|
|
JJ Thompson's Experiment
|
studying cathode ray tubes; determined charge of electrons
|
|
|
Plum Pudding Model
|
spherical cloud of positive charge with embedded electrons
|
|
|
Milikan's Oil Drop Experiment
|
mass of electron is 9.11 X 10^-31 kg
|
|
|
Radioactive particles
|
gamma, beta, alpha: emit radiation
|
|
|
Rutherford's Model of the atom
|
nuclear model; atom with dense center of positive charge with electrons moving around nucleus
|
|
|
# electrons = # of ______.
|
Protons
|
|
|
isotopes
|
atoms have the same # of protons but different number of neutrons
|
|
|
A
Z X |
A= mass # total number of protons and neutrons; Z= atomic # - # of protons/electrons; X element symbol
|
|
|
cation
|
positively charged ion
|
|
|
anion
|
negatively charge ion
|
|
|
Naming Acids
Anion doesn't contain O2 |
Prefix hydro
suffix ic |
|
|
Naming Acids
Anion contains 02 |
suffix of ic or ous
|
|
|
Naming Acids
Anion contains 02 anion ends in ate |
add -ic
|
|
|
Naming Acids
Anion contains 02 anion ends in ite |
add -ous
|
