A&p Chapters 1 & 3

Front 1

Sagittal Plane

Back 1

A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right parts exactly in the midline (medial plane)

Front 2

Frontal Plane

Back 2

Lie vertically, divide the body into anterior and posterior and is also called the coronal plane

Front 3

Transverse or horizontal plane

Back 3

Runs horizontally from right to left dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

Front 4

Oblique Planes

Back 4

Sections are cut diagonally between horizontal and vertical planes. They are often confusing and rarely used.

Front 5

Anatomy

Back 5

The study of structure- Subdivisions are

-gross or macroscopic (eg regional systematic or surface anatomy)

-Microscopic (eg cytology and histology)

-developmental (eg embryology)

Front 6

To Study Anatomy

Back 6

Mastery of Anatomical Language

Observation (seeing)

Manipulation (changing)

Palpation (touching)

Auscultation (hearing)

Front 7

Physiology

Back 7

Study of function of the body

Subdivisions

- based on organ systems (eg renal or cardiovascular)

-often focuses on cellular and molecular level

-body's ability to depend on chemical reactions in individual cells

Front 8

To Study Physiology

Back 8

Ability to focus at many levels (from systematic to cellular and molecular)

Basic chemical properties

Front 9

Anatomy and Physiology are inseparable

Back 9

Function always reflects struggle

What a structure can do depends on its specific form

Front 10

Superior (Cranial)

Back 10

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body

Hint 10

The head is superior to the abdomen

Front 11

Inferior (caudal)

Back 11

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Hint 11

The naval is inferior to the chin

Front 12

Ventral (anterior)

Back 12

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Hint 12

The breast bone is anterior to the spine

Front 13

Dorsal (posterior)

Back 13

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Hint 13

The heart is posterior to the breast bone

Front 14

Medial

Back 14

Toward or at the middle of the body on the inner side.

Hint 14

The heart is medial to the arm

Front 15

Lateral

Back 15

Away from the middle of the body, on the outer side.

Hint 15

The arms are lateral to the chest

Front 16

Intermediate

Back 16

Between a more medial and more lateral structure.

Hint 16

The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder

Front 17

Proximal

Back 17

Closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Hint 17

The elbow is proximal to the wrist

Front 18

Distal

Back 18

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk

Hint 18

The knee is distal to the thigh

Front 19

Superficial (external)

Back 19

Toward or at the body surface.

Hint 19

The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

Front 20

Deep (internal)

Back 20

Away from the body surface, more internal.

Hint 20

The Lungs are deep to the skin

Front 21

Visceral and Parietal Membranes

Back 21

-The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by a thin double layered membrane, serosa or serous membrane.

-The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is called a parietal. It folds in on itself to form the visceral serosa covering the organs in the cavity.

-The parietal pericardium lines the pericardial cavities and folds back as the visceral pericardium which covers the heart.

-Parietal pluera lines the walls of the thoracic cavity and the visceral pluera covers the lungs

-Parietal peritoneum lines the walls of the abdomenopelvic cavity while the visceral peritoneum covers the most of the organs within the cavity.

Front 22

Cranial cavity

Back 22

Cavity that houses the brain

Front 23

Vertebral cabity

Back 23

The cavity that houses the spinal cord

Front 24

Thoracic cavity

Back 24

Superior mediastinum pleural cavity and pericardial cavity within the mediastinum, cavity that houses the heart and lungs

Front 25

Abdominal cavity

Back 25

Cavity that houses the digestive viscera, abdomen

Hint 25

Epi - upon, above Gastric - belly

Front 26

Pelvic cavity

Back 26

Cavity that houses the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Hint 26

Hypo- below

Front 27

Abdominal quadrants

Back 27

Right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant

Front 28

Umbilical region

Back 28

One of the 9 abdominal regions. The center most region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (naval). Small intestine and transverse colon of the large intestine

Front 29

Epigastric region

Back 29

One of the 9 abdominal regions. Located superior to the umbilical region. Stomach.

Front 30

Hypogastric (pubic) region

Back 30

Located inferior to the umbilical region. Urinary bladder.

Front 31

Right and left iliac region

Back 31

Lateral to the hypogastric region. Right- cecum, appendix Left- initial part of the sigmoid colon

Front 32

Right and left lumbar regions

Back 32

Lateral to the umbilical region. Right - ascending colon of the large intestine Left - descending colon of the large intestine

Front 33

Right and Left hypochondriac regions

Back 33

Lateral to the epigastric region and deep to the ribs. Right - liver and gallbladder Left - spleen

Front 34

Integumentary System

Back 34

Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat oil glands (hair, nails, and skin)

Front 35

Skeletal system

Back 35

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals. Bones and joints.

Front 36

Muscular system

Back 36

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

Front 37

Lymphatic system/immunity

Back 37

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.

Front 38

Respiratory System

Back 38

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

Front 39

Digestive system

Back 39

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

Front 40

Nervous system

Back 40

As the fast acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Front 41

Endocrine system

Back 41

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

Front 42

Cardiovascular system

Back 42

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

Front 43

Urinary system

Back 43

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid base balance of the blood.

Front 44

Male/Female Reproductive System

Back 44

Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and make sex hormone and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

Front 45

Survival Needs

Back 45

Appropriate amounts necessary for life. Too little or too much harmful, nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure.

Front 46

Nutrients

Back 46

Chemicals for energy and cell building, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins

Front 47

Oxygen

Back 47

Essential for energy release (ATP production)

Front 48

Water

Back 48

Most abundant chemical in the body. Environment of chemical reactions. Fluid base for secretions and excretions

Front 49

Normal body temperature

Back 49

37 degrees Celsius. Affects rates of chemical reactions

Front 50

Appropriate atmospheric pressure

Back 50

For adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs

Front 51

Homeostasis

Back 51

Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in the environment. A dynamic state of equilibrium maintained by contributions of all organ systems.

Front 52

Homeostasis control mechanisms

Back 52

Involve continuous monitoring and regulation of all factors that can change (variables) necessary for monitoring and regulations. Functions of nervous and endocrine systems accomplish communication via nerve impulses and hormones

Front 53

Components of a Control Mechanisms - Receptor

Back 53

Monitors environments, responds to stimuli (something that causes changes in controlled variables)

Front 54

Components of control mechanisms - control center

Back 54

Determines set point at which variables is maintained, receives input from receptors determines appropriate responses

Front 55

Components of control mechanisms - effector

Back 55

Receives output from control center. Provides means to respond. Response either reduces (negative feedback) or enhances stimulus (positive feedback)

Front 56

Homeostasis

Back 56

1. Stimulus produces change in variables

2 receptor detects change

3. Input information sent along afferent pathway to control center

4. Output: information sent along efferent pathway to effector

5. Responses to effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic levels

Front 57

Negative feedback

Back 57

Most feedback mechanisms in body. Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus. Variable changes in opposite directions of initial changes. Examples- regulation of body temperature (a nervous system mechanism) regulation of blood glucose by insulin (an endocrine system mechanism) Regulation of blood glucose by insulin - (receptors) sense increased blood glucose (blood sugar). Pancreas (control center) secretes insulin into the blood insulin causes body cells (effectors) to absorb more glucose which decreases blood glucose levels

Front 58

Positive feedback

Back 58

Responses enhances or exaggerates original stimulus. May exhibit a cascade or amplifying affect. Usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments. Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin. Playlet plug formation and blood clotting.

Front 59

Homeostatic imbalance

Back 59

Disturbance of homeostasis. Increases risk of disease, contributes to changes associated with aging. Control system less efficient. If negative feedback mechanisms overwhelmed. Destructive feedback mechanisms may take over. (Eg heart failure)

Front 60

Cytoplasm

Back 60

Located between plasma membrane and nucleus. Composed of cytosol (water with solutes) organelles ( metabolic machinery of cells each with specialized function, either membranous and nonmembranous.) inclusions vary with cell type ( eg glycogen, granules, pigments, lipid droplets, vacuoles, crystals)

Front 61

Mitochondria

Back 61

Double membrane structure with inner folded cristae. Provide most of cells ATP via aerobic cellular respiration. Requires oxygen- contain their own DNA, RNA, ribosomes. Organelle is similar to bacteria capable of cell division called fission.