A&p Chapter 7

Front 1

cell growth and reproduction of cells

Back 1

are the most fundamental of all living functions and together constitute the cell life cycle

Front 2

cell growth

Back 2

depends on using genetic information in DNA to make the structural and functional proteins needed for cell survival

Front 3

cell reproduction

Back 3

ensures that genetic information is passed from one generation to the next

Front 4

protein synthesis

Back 4

anabolic pathway in cells; DNA and RNA

Front 5

DNA

Back 5

double-helix polymer that functions to transfer information, encoded to genes, to direct the synthesis of proteins

Front 6

gene

Back 6

a segment of DNA molecule that consists of up to several thousand pairs of nucleotides and contains the code for synthesizing one RNA molecule, which then may be translated into one polypeptide

Front 7

two types of RNA

Back 7

coding - mRNA a transcript of a code for one polypeptide

noncoding - rRNA and tRNA which are each copies of a DNA gene but regulate processes rather than code for a polypeptide

Front 8

transcription

Back 8

mRNA forms along a segment of one strand of DNA

Front 9

In the process of editing the transcript, noncoding _______ are removed and the remaining _______ are spliced together to form the final, edited version of the mRNA copy of the DNA segment.

Back 9

introns; exons

Front 10

What are spliceosomes?

Back 10

ribosome sized structures in the nucleus that splice mRNA transcripts

Front 11

In the process of translation, after leaving the nucleus and being edited, _______ associates with a ribosome in the cytoplasm.

Back 11

mRNA

Front 12

In the process of translation,_______ molecules bring specific amino acids to the _______ at the ribosome.

Back 12

tRNA; mRNA

Front 13

they type of amino acid is determined by the fit of a specific _______'s anticodon with ________'s codon

Back 13

tRNA; mRNA

Front 14

as amino acids are brought into place, peptide bonds join them - eventually producing an entire ____________ ___________

Back 14

polypeptide chain

Front 15

translation of genes can be inhibited by ______ _________ which protects the cell against viral infection

Back 15

RNA interference

Front 16

in post translation processing, chaperone molecules and other enzymes in the cytosol, ER, and Golgi apparatus ______ _______ ______.

Back 16

help fold polypeptides

Front 17

___________ may combine into larger protein molecules or hybrid molecules.

Back 17

polypeptides

Front 18

proteome

Back 18

all the proteins synthesized by a cell

Front 19

human proteome

Back 19

all the proteins synthesized in the whole body

Front 20

interphase

Back 20

newly formed cells produce a variety of molecules and other structures necessary for growth by using the information contained in the genes of DNA molecules

Front 21

production of cytoplasm

Back 21

a largely anabolic process where more cell material is made, growth and/or replication of organelles and plasma membrane, replication of centrosomes and DNA in anticipation of cell division

Front 22

DNA replication

Back 22

replication of the genome prepares the cell for reproduction

Front 23

DNA base pairing

Back 23

the DNA strand uncoils and the strands come apart

Front 24

telomeres

Back 24

noncoding, protective segments of DNA at the ends of a chromosome; they are used up during DNA replication to prevent loss of needed DNA code; telomeres can be rebuilt by the enzyme telomerase

Front 25

the two new strands of DNA that are made when the strand uncoils are called ___________ instead of ________+_

Back 25

chromatids; chromosomes

Front 26

chromatids are attached pairs, what is the point of attachment called in a chromatid?

Back 26

centromere

Front 27

what are the steps and names of the growth phase of the cell life cycle

Back 27

(G1) first growth phase

(S) synthesis phase

(G2) second growth phase

Front 28

cells reproduce by splitting themselves into two smaller _________ _________

Back 28

daughter cells

Front 29

mitotic cell division

Back 29

the process of organizing and distributing nuclear DNA during cell division, has four distinct phases

Front 30

what are the four phases of mitosis

Back 30

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase

Front 31

prophase "before phase"

Back 31

after interphase, nuclear envelope falls apart as the chromatids coil up to form chromosomes that are joined at the centromere, as chromosomes form, centrosomes move away from each other toward the poles of the parent cell and spindle fibers are constructed between them

Front 32

metaphase "in the middle phase"

Back 32

chromosomes align along a middle "equatorial" plane, with one chromatid of each chromosome facing its respective pole, each chromatid attaches to a spindle fiber

Front 33

anaphase "apart phase"

Back 33

the centromere of each chromosome splits to form two chromosomes, each consisting of a single DNA molecule, each chromosome is pulled toward the nearest pole to form two separate, but identical pools of genetic informationq

Front 34

telophase "end phase"

Back 34

DNA returns to its original form and location within the cell, after completion of telophase, each daughter cell begins interphase to develop into a mature cell

Front 35

cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK's)

Back 35

activating enzymes that drive the cell through the phases of its life cycle, cyclins are regulatory proteins that control the CDK's and "shift" them to start the next phase

Front 36

examples of decreases functional ability

Back 36

muscle atrophy, loss of elasticity of the skin, changes in the cardiovascular, respiratory, and skeletal systems

Front 37

describe the size and shape of a DNA molecule

Back 37

double helix polymer made of millions of pairs of nucleotides

Front 38

where is DNA located

Back 38

in the nucleus

Front 39

what are the steps of protein synthesis

Back 39

transcription, editing the transcript, translation, post translation processing

Front 40

as a cell grows how is additional cell material added

Back 40

interphase

Front 41

what are the steps involved in DNA replication and when does it occur

Back 41

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Front 42

define mitosis

Back 42

the process of organizing and distributing nuclear DNA during cell division

Front 43

what are the four phases of mitosis

Back 43

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Front 44

define meiosis and discuss its four distinct stages

Back 44

cell division that occurs only in primitive sex cells during the process of becoming mature sex cells; meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

Front 45

when does the reduction of chromosomes from the diploid to the haploid number take place?

Back 45

meiosis

Front 46

give examples of normal and abnormal hyperplasia

Back 46

normal- milk production in pregnant womenabnormal - tumors