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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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_________ are responsible for all types of body movements |
muscles |
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what are the three basic muscle types found in the body |
cardiac smooth skeletal |
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what are the elongated muscle cells |
skeletal smooth |
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what is the contraction of muscles due to |
the movement of microfilaments |
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what does -myo and -mys refer too |
muscle |
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what does -sacro mean |
flesh |
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most are attached by tendons to bones cells are multi-nucleate striated voluntary |
skeletal muscle characteristics |
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cells are surrounded and bundled by __________ ___________ |
connective tissue |
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encloses a single muscle fiber |
endomysium |
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wraps around a fascicles (bundle) of muscle fibers |
perimysium |
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covers the entire skeletal muscle |
epimysium |
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on the outside of the epimysium |
fascia |
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blends into a connective tissue attachment |
epimysium |
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cord-like structures mostly collagen fibers often cross a joint due to toughness and small size |
tendons |
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sheet-like structures attach muscles indirectly to bones, cartilages, or connective tissue coverings |
aponeuroses |
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what are the sites of muscle attachments |
bones cartilages connective tissue coverings |
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lacks striations spindle-shaped cells single nucleus involuntary found mainly in the walls of hollow organs |
smooth muscle characteristics |
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striations usually has a single nucleus branching cells joined to another muscle cell at an intercalated disc involuntary found only in heart |
cardiac muscle characteristics |
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produce movement maintain posture stabilizes joints generate heat |
skeletal muscle functions |
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specialized plasma membrane |
sarcolemma |
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long organelles inside muscle cells |
myofibrils |
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specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
sacroplasmic reticulum |
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light band contains only thin filaments |
I band |
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dark band contains the entire length of thick filaments |
A band |
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contractile unit of a muscle fiber |
sarcomere |
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thick filaments thin filaments |
myofilaments |
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thick filaments |
myosin filaments |
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thin filaments |
actin filaments |
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composed of protein myosin has ATPase enzymes have heads( extensions or cross bridges) myosin and actin overlap somewhat |
Myosin filaments |
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composed of the protein actin anchored to the Z disc |
actin filaments |
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At rest, there is a bare zone that lacks actin filaments called the ___ _____ |
H zone |
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stores and releases calcium surrounds the myofibril |
sacoplasmic reticulum |
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ability to receive and respond to a stimulus |
excitability |
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ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received |
contractility |
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ability of muscle cells to be stretched |
extensibility |
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ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching |
elasticity |
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skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a _______ ________ (nerve cell) to contract |
motor neuron |
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one motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells stimulated by that neuron |
motor unit |
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association site of axon terminal of the motor neuron and muscle |
neuromuscular junction |
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gap btw nerve and muscle nerve and muscle don't make contact area btw nerve and muscle is filled w/ interstitial fluid |
synaptic cleft |
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chemical released by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse the neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is acetylcholine |
neurotransmitter |
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________________ attaches to receptors on the sarcolemma |
acetylcholine |
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Sacrcolemma becomes permeable to ___________ ions |
sodium |
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sodium rushes into the cell generating an ________ ___________ |
action potential |
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Once started, muscle contraction ________ be stopped |
cannot |
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Muscle fiber contraction is __________________ |
all or none |
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Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be ____________ during the same interval |
stimulated |
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Different combinations of muscle fiber ___________ may give different responses |
contractions |
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different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening |
graded responses |
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produced by changing: the frequency of muscle stimulation the number of muscle cells being stimulated at one time |
graded responses |
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Single, brief contraction not a normal muscle function |
twitch |
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one contraction is immediately followed by another the muscle does not completely return to a resting state the effects are added |
tetanus |
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some relaxation occurs btw contractions the results are summed |
unfused (incomplete) tetanus |
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no evidence of relaxation before the following contractions the result is a sustained muscle contraction |
fused (complete) tetanus |
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__________ ________ depends upon the number of fibers stimulated |
muscle force |
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more fibers contracting results in greater _________ __________ |
muscle tension |
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muscles can continue to contract unless they ____ ____ ________ |
run out of energy |
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intially, muscles use ________ ____ for energy |
stored ATP |
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ATP bonds are broken to release energy only 4-6 seconds worth of ATP is stored by muscles |
stored ATP for energy |
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muscle cells store creatine phosphate after ATP is depleted, ADP is left CP transfers energy to ADP, to regenerate ATP CP supplies are exhausted in less than 15 sec |
direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate |
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glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy this is a slower reaction that requires continuous oxygen a series of metabolic pathways occur in the mitochondria |
aerobic respiration |
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reaction that breaks down glucose w/o Oxygen glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid to produce some ATP pyruvic acid is converted to latic acid |
anerobic glycolysis and latic acid formation |
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not efficient, but fast latic acid produces muscle fatigue huge amounts of glucose are needed |
anerobic glycolysis and latic acid formation |
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When a muscle is unable to contract even with a stimulus |
fatigued |
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what is the common cause for muscle fatigue |
oxygen deprivation |
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oxygen must be _______ to tissue to remove O2 deficit |
repaid |
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________ is required to get rid of accumulated latic acid |
oxygen |
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increasing acidity and lack of ATP causes the muscle to contract _______ |
less |
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myofilaments are able to slide past each other during contractions the muscle shortens and movement occurs |
Isotonic contractions |
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tension in the muscles increases the muscle is unable to shorten or produce movement |
Isometric contractions |
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Some fibers are ___________ even in a relaxed muscle |
contracted |
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Different fivers contract at different times to provide ________ _______ |
muscle tone |
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The process of stimulating various fivers is under ___________ control |
involuntary |
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__________ increases muscle size, strength, and endurance |
exercise |
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results in larger, more flexible muscles with greater resistance to fatigue makes body metabolism more efficient improves digestion, coordination |
Aerobic (endurance) excercise (biking and jogging)
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increases muscle size and strength |
resistance (isometric) exercise (weight lifting) |
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____________ is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone |
movement |
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attachment to a movable bone |
origin |
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attachment to an immovable bone |
insertion |
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muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement |
prime mover |
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muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover |
antagonist |
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muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation |
synergist |
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stabilizes the origin of a prime mover |
fixator |
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direction of muscle fibers relative size of muscle location of the muscle number of origins location of the muscle's origin & insertion shape action |
naming skeletal muscles |
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raises eyebrows |
frontalis |
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closes eyes, squints, blinks, winks |
orbicularis oculi |
