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103 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Our conscious awareness of incoming sensory information
sensation
Define sensation
our conscious awareness of incoming sensory information
Only a stimulus that reaches the _____ of the brain results in our conscious awareness.
cerebral cortex
_____ change one form of energy into a different form
transducers
What do transducers do?
change one form of energy into a different form
Energy is always transduced into _____ energy
electrical
The specific area monitored by each sensory receptor is called its _____
receptive field
What is a receptive field?
the specific area monitored by each sensory receptor
What are the two types of receptors?
Tonic and Phasic
Which type of receptor respond continuously to stimuli at a constant rate?
Tonic
Give an example of a tonic receptor
balance receptors within the ear
what kind of receptor are the balance receptors within the ear?
tonic
_____ receptors detect a new stimulus or a change in a stimulus that has already been applied
phasic
What is an adaptation?
a reduction in sensitivity to a continually applied stimulus
What are the trhee criteria used to describe receptors?
1 - receptor distribution
2 - stimulus origin
3 - modality of stimulus
_____ senses receptors are distributed throughout the body and are located in the skin and internal organs
general senses receptors
General senses receptors are generally simple/complex in structure
simple
What are the two subdivisions of general senses receptors?
somatic sensory receptors
visceral sensory receptors
_____ sensory receptors are housed within the skin for monitoring tactile sensations and within joints, muscles, and tendons for detection of stretch and pressure relative to position and movement
somatic
Receptors of the _____ senses are located only within the head and are specialized, complex organs
special
where are special sense receptors located
only in the head
Distributed throughout the body; structurally simple (type of receptor)
general senses
What are the three classifications of stimulus origins?
exteroceptros, interoceptors, and proprioceptors
_____ detect stimuli from the external environment
exteroceptors
What kind of receptor is a cutaneous receptor?
exteroceptor
what kind of receptor are the special senses?
exteroceptors
What kind of receptors are found in mucous membranes such as the lining of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, vagina and anal canal?
exteroceptors
What is another name for interoceptors?
visceroceptors
What is another name for visceroceptors?
interoceptors
What kind of receptor detects stimuli in internal organs?
interoceptors
These receptors are primarily stretch receptors in the smooth muscle within the walls of the internal organs
interoceptors
_____ receptors report on temperature, pressure, chemical changes, and perceived pain in the visceral tissue
interoceptors
_____ are located in our muscles, tendons, and joints (type of receptor)
proprioceptors
receptors may be classified according to the stimulus they perceive (ie only to temperature changes)
modality of stimulus
What are the six groups of receptors, based on their modality of stimulus?
1 - chemoreceptors
2 - thermoreceptors
3 - photoreceptors
4 - mechanoreceptors
5 - baroreceptors
6 - nociceptors
(can time please my broken noggin)
_____ detect chemicals or specific molecules dissolved in fluid
(modality of stimulus)
chemoreceptors
_____ respond to changes in temperature
(modality of stimulus)
thermoreceptors
These receptors are present in both the skin and the hypothalamus
(modality of stimulus)
thermoreceptors
_____ are located in the eye, where they detect changes in light intensity, color and movement
(modality of stimulus)
photoreceptors
_____ detect changes in light intensity, color, and movement
(modality of stimulus)
photoreceptors
_____ respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch
(modality of stimulus)
mechanoreceptors
_____ respond to painful stimuli
niciceptors
_____ receptors are the most numerous type of receptor
tactile
These are mechanoreceptors located in the dermis and the subcutaneous layer
tactile receptors
_____ are dendritic ends of sensory neurons with no protective coat
unencapsulated tactile receptors
Three types of unencapsulated receptors:
free nerve endings
root hair plexuses
tactile discs
what is unique about free nerve endings, root hair plexuses, tactile disks?
unencapsulated receptors
_____ are terminal branches of dendrites
free nerve endings
free nerve endings are _____
terminal branches of dendrites
These are the least compolex of the tactile receptors and reside closest to the surface of the skin
free nerve endings
_____ are specialized free nerve endings that form a weblike sheath around hair follicles in the reticular layer of the dermis
root hair plexuses
What is another name for a tactile disc?
Merkel disc
What is another name for a Merkel disc?
tactile disc
These receptors are located in the stratum basale of the epidermis
tactile discs
These receptors function as tonic receptors for fine touch and are important in distinguishing the texture and shape of an object
tactile discs
What are the four types of encapsulated tactile receptors?
End bulbs
Lamellated corpuscles
bulbous corpuscles
tactile corpuscles
(BELT)
What is another name for an end bulb?
Kraus bulb
What is another name for a Kraus bulb?
end bulb
What are the two things that could encapsulate tactile receptors?
connective tissue or glial cells
this encapsulated tactile receptor is located in the dermis, mucous membrane of oral cavity, nasal cavity, vagina, and anal cavity
end bulb
Where is an end bulb located?
dermis, mucous membranes of oral cavity, nasal cavity, vagina, and anal cavity
What is another name for lamellated corpuscles?
Pacinian corpuscles
what is another name for pacinian corpuscles?
lamellated corpsucles
These encapsulated tactile receptors are composed of several dendritic endings ensheathed with an inner core of neurolemmocytes and outer concentric layers of connective tissue
lamellated corpuscles
Where are lamellated corpuscles located?
deep within the reticular layer of the dermis of the skin; in the subcutaneous tissue of the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, breasts, and external genitalia; in the synovial membranes of joints; and in the walls of some organs
The structure of _____ corpuscles ensures that only deep-pressure and vibration stimuli will activate the receptor
lamellated corpuscles
What is another name for bulbous corpuscles
Ruffini corpuscles
What is another name for Ruffini corpuscles?
bulbous corpuscles
encapsulated with connective tissue and neurolemmocytes
lamellated corpuscles
these corpuscles detect both continuous deep pressure and distortion in the skin
bulbous corpuscles
These tactile receptors do not exhibit adaptation
bulbous corpuscles
What is another name for tactile corpuscles?
Meissner corpuscles
What is another name for Meissner corpuscles?
tactile corpuscles
These corpuscles are large, encapsulated oval receptors
tactile corpuscles
Where are tactile corpuscles?
dermal papillae of the skin, lips, palms, eyelids, nipples, and genitals
_____ occurs when sensory nerve signlas from certain viscera are perceived as originating not from the organ, but in dermatomes of the skin
referred pain
What is gustation?
taste
These structures prevent foreign objects from coming into contact with the eye
accessory structures
What are the accessory structures of the eye?
eyebrows, eyelashes, eyelids, lacrimal glands
Where are the eyebrows located?
SUPRAORBITAL RIDGE
What is the primary function of the eyebrows
to prevent sweat from dripping into the eyes
what is another name for eyelids?
palpebrae
What is another name for palpebrae?
eyelids
Each eyelid is formed by a _____, _____, _____, _____, _____ and _____
tarsal plate, tarsal muscles, tarsal glands, the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi muscle, the palpebral conjunctiva, and a thin covering of skin
What is another name for tarsal glands?
Meibomian glands
What is another name for Meibomian glands?
tarsal glands
_____ are sebaceous glands that produce a secretion to prevent tear overflow from an open eye and keep the eyelids from adhering together
tarsal glands
What is a palpebral fissure?
eyeslit
The eyelids are united at the ____ and _____.
medial and lateral palpebral commissures
Where is the lacrimal caruncle located?
medial commissure
What is at the medial commissure?
lacrimal caruncle
What does the lacrimal caruncle house?
ciliary glands
What are ciliary glands?
modified sweat glands
What is the name of the modified sweat glands contained in the lacrimal caruncle?
ciliary glands
What kind of epithelium is conjunctiva?
specialized stratified squamous epithelium
What is the external, annterior conjunctiva?
ocular conjunctiva
what conjunctiva is the internal surface of the eyelid
palpebral conjunctiva
The space formed by the junction of the ocular conjunctiva and the palpebral conjunctiva is called the _____
conjunctival fornix
What is another name for conjunctivitis?
pink eye
what is another name for pink eye
conjunctivitis
What antibacterial enzyme is contained in the lacrimal apparatus?
lysozyme
What are the two parts of the lacrimal gland?
Orbital part and palpebral part
What are the three principle layers that form the wall of the eye?
fibrous tunic (external layer)
vascular tunic (middle layer)
retina (inner layer)