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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CELL THEORY
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1. Cell is basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. So when you define cell properties you are in fact defining the properties of life
2. Activity of an organism depends on both the individual and collective activities of cell 3. Biochemical activities of cells are dictated by relative number of their specific subcellular structures Continuity of life from one generation to another has a cellular basis |
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PLASMA MEMBRANE
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Membrane; composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins, that encloses cell contents; outer limiting cell membrane
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INTEGRAL PROTEINS
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Membrane protein that is firmly inserted into lipid bilayer; may protrude from membrane from one side or both sides; able to interact with water inside and outside of tail because they have both hydrophobic and philic regions
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PERIPHERAL PROTEINS
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Membrane protein that are not embedded into lipid bilayer.
attaches loosely on integral proteins and are easily removed without disrupting the membrane |
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GLYCOCALYX
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Fuzzy, sticky, carb rich area at cell
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INTERSTITIAL FLUID
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Fluid between cells; provides nutrients; derived from blood
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SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
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Membrane that allows certain substances to pass; also called differentially permeable membrane
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SIMPLE DIFFUSION
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Unassisted transport across a plasma membrane of a lipid-soluble or very small particle
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FACILITATED DIFFUSION
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Passive transport process used by certain molecules; transports with concentration gradient
i.e. involves movement via channels or movement facilitated by a membrane carrier |
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OSMOSIS
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Diffusion of solvent through a membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated one
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AQUAPORINS (AQPS)
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Transmembrane proteins that form water channels
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OSMOLARITY
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Total concentration of all solute particles in a solution
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HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
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Pressure of fluid in a system
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OSMOTIC PRESSURE
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Measure of tendency of water to move into a more concentrated solution
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TONICITY
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Measure of ability of a solution to cause a change in cell shape or tone by promoting osmotic flows of water
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ISOTONIC
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A solution with a concentration of nonpenetrating solutes equal to that found in reference cell
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HYPOTONIC
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Below normal tone/tension
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HYPERTONIC
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Excessive/ above normal tone/tension
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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Requires carrier proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with transported substances; may transport against concentration gradient
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PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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Type of active transport in which the energy needed to drive transport process is provided directly by hydrolysis of ATP
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SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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Na+ K+ pump
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EXOCYTOSIS
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Ejects substances from a cell; substance enclosed in a membranous vesicle, fushes with plasma membrane, and rupture to release substance to exterior of cell
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VESICLE
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Small liquid-filled sac or bladder
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ENDOCYTOSIS
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Taking into cell. 3 kinds: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis
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PHAGOCYTOSIS
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Engulfing of foreign solids by phagocytic cells
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PINOCYTOSIS
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Engulfing of extracellular fluid by cells
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RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
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One of three types of endocytosis in which engulfed particles attach to receptors before endocytosis occurs
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RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
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Voltage that exsists across plasma membrane during resting state of an excitable cell; ranges from -90 to -20 millivolts depending on cell type
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CYTOPLASM
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Cellular material between plasma membrane and nucleus
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CYTOSOL
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Viscous, semitransparent fluid in which other cytoplasmic elements are suspended
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MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
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Voltage across plasma membrane
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INCLUSIONS
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Chemical substances that may or may not be present
i.e. stored nutrients |
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MITOCHONDRIA
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Cytoplasmic organelles responsible for ATP generation for cellular activities
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RIBOSOMES
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Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized
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ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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Protein synthesis and transport to golgi apparatus
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SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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Its enzymes catalyze reactions involved with lipid metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, and synthesis of lipid components; synthesis of steroid-based hormones, absorption/synthesis/transport fats; detox drugs/carcniogens/pesticides; breakdown of stored glycogen to form free glucose
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GOLGI APPARATUS
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Membranous system close to cell nucleus that packages proten secretions for export, packages enzymes into lysosomes for cell use, and modifies proteins destined to become part of cellular membranes
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LYSOSOMES
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Organelles that originate from Golgi apparatus and contain strong digestive enzymes
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PEROXISOMES
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Membranous sacs in cytoplasm containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify harmful or toxic substances, such as free radicals
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CYTOSKELETON
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Cell skeleton
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CILIA
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Tiny, hair like projections on a cell’s surface that move in a wavy manner
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FLAGELLA
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Long whiplike cell extension (tail) used to propel cells (i.e. sperm)
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MICROVILLI
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Tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells; increase surface area for absorption
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NUCLEUS
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1.Control center of cell; contains genetic material; 2.clusters of nerve cell bodies in the CNS
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NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
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Double membrane barrier of a cell nucleus
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HISTONE PROTEINS
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Helps pack long DNA strands, also helps in gene regulation
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CELL CYCLE
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Series of changes a cell goes through from time it is formed until it reproduces
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INTERPHASE
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Period from cell formation to cell division; subphases include G1, S, and G2
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MITOSIS
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Describes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase; series of events that parcel out replicated DNA of mother cell to two daughter cells
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CYTOKINESIS
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Division of cytoplasm; begins during late anaphase and completed after mitosis ends
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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DNA is the master blueprint for protein synthesis
(slide 28 powerpoint #4) |
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MESSENGER RNA (MRNA)
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Carries instructions for building a polypeptide, from gene in DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasm
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RIBOSOMAL RNA (RRNA)
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Along with tRNA, helps translate message from mRNA
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TRANSFER RNA (TRNA)
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Binds to amino acids and pair with bases of codons of mRNA at ribosome to begin process of protein synthesis
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TRANSCRIPTION
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Transfer of info from a DNA’s base sequence to complementary base sequence of an mRNA molecule
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TRANSLATION
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Language of nucleic acids translated into language of protens
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CODON
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3 base sequence
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CELL DIFFERENTIATION
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Development of specific and distinctive features
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APOPTOSIS
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Cell suicide b/c more cells are present than needed
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HYPERPLASIA
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Accelerated growth
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ATROPHY
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Without growth; decrease in size of an organ or body tissue
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Dysplasia
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A change in cell size, shape, olr arrangement due to chronic irritation or inflammation
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Hypertrophy
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Growth of an organ or tissue due to an increase in size of its cells; i.e. normal with weight lifters
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Liposomes
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Mulipuprose vehicles for drugs, genetic material, and cosmetics
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Leukemia
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Cancerous condition WBC
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Lymphoma
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Cancerous lymphatic cells
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Melanomas
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Skin cancer
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Malignancy
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Cancerous growth; state or presence of a malignant tumor
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Metastasis
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Development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer;
A growth of this type |
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Mutation
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Changing of structure of gene
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Necrosis
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Death of most or all cells of an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of blood supply
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Neoplasm
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New and abnormal growth of tissue in some part of body
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Oncology
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Study cancer
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Osteogenic sarcoma
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Malignant Bone tumor
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Progeny
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Descendant or descendants of
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Progeria
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Rare syndrome in children characterized by physical signs and symptoms suggestive of premature old age
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Proteomics
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Branch of molecular biology concerned with determining the proteome
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Sarcoma
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Malignant tumor of connective or other nonepithelial tissue
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Werner syndrome
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“Adult Progeria” genetic disease resembling accelerated aging that typically has an adult onset
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