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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Conducting Zone
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Series of cavities and tubes outside and within lungs that filter, warm, and moisten air and conducts it into lungs
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Respiratory Zone
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Tissues within lungs where gas exchange occurs
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Choanae
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Internal Nares - openings that connect nose with pharynx
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Vestibule
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Anterior portion of nasal cavity just inside nostrils
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Nasal Septum
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Divides nasal cavity into right and left sides
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Oropharynx
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Part of pharynx where the oral cavity meets it and contains the Palatine and lingual tonsils
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3 parts of Pharynx top to bottom
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Nasal
Oropharynx Laryngopharynx |
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Thyroid Cartilage
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a.k.a Adam's Apple consisting of two fused plates of hyaline cartilage
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Structures of voice production
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Ventricular Folds (False vocal cords)
Vocal Folds Rima vestibuli - speace between 2 golds Laryngeal Sinus - Lateral expansion of portion in rima vestibuli |
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4 Layers of Tracheal wall from deep to superficial
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1)Mucosa
2)Submucosa 3)Hyaline Cartilage 4)Adventitia - Composed of areolar |
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Trachealis Muscle
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Transverse smooth muscle fibers that along with elastic connective tissue, stabilizes open ends of tracheal cartilage rings
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Tracheotomy
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Operation that makes an opening into trachea
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Intubation
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An alternative of tracheotomy where a tube is inserted instead
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Pleura
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Consists of a Parietal and Visceral layer that protects the lungs
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Pleural Effusion
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Excess fluid accumulates in pleural space due to persistent inflammation
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Pneumothroax
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When pleural cavity fills with air causing the lung to collapse
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Atelectasis
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Collapse of a part of lung or entire lung
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Hemothorax
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When pleural cavity fills with blood
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Anterior Surface of Lung
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Costal surface
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Thoracentesis
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A procedure involving insertion of a needle posteriorly through seventh intercostal space to remove excess fluid in pleural cavity
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Bronchopulmonary Segment
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Segment of Lung tissue that each tertiary bronchus supplies
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Lobules
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Small compartments of Bronchopulmonary Segments
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Two types of Alveolar Cells
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Type I is thin type that are sites of gas exchange
Type II is called Septal Cells which secrete alveolar fluid to keep surface moist which contains surfactant |
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Surfactant
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Constituent of Alveolar fluid that lowers surface tension to reduce tendency of alveoli to collapse
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Alveolar Macrophages
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Phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and debris from alveolar spaces
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4 Layers extending from Alveolar space to Blood Plasma
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1)Layer of Type I & II alveolar cells making up the Alveolar Wall
2)Epithelial Basement Membrane 3)Capillary Basement Membrane often fused with Epithelial basement memb 4) Endothelium |
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Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling
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Phenomenon in which the lung vasoconstricts during hypoxia which diverts blood away from poorly ventilated areas of lungs
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Three Basic Steps of Respiration
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1) Pulmonary Ventilation
2) External Respiration 3) Internal Respiration |
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Boyel's Law
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Relationship between Pressure and Volume
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Intrapleural Pressure
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Pressure between layers in Pleural Cavity which also contributes to breathing
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Elastic Recoil
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Cause of exhalation when Chest walls and lungs spring back after being stretched
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Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
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Deficiency of Surfactant in premature infants causing alveoli to collapse from surface tension
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Compliance
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Term referring to how much effort is required to stretch lungs and chest wall
High means easy Low means hard |
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Eupnea
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Term for normal pattern of quiet breathing
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Costal Breathing
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Shallow Breathing
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Diaphragmatic Breathing
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Deep abdominal Breathing
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Tidal Volume
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Volume of one breath usually 500mL
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Minute Ventilation (MV)
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Total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute
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Spirometer
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Instrument used to measure volume of air exchanged during breathing and respiratory rate
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Anatomic Dead Space
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Conducting airways with air that does not undergo respiratory exchange
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Alveolar Ventilation rate
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Minute ventilation minus waste inside Anatomic dead spaces
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume
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Additional inhaled air during deep breathing
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Expiratory Reserve volume
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Extra air exhaled during forced exhalation
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Forced Expiratory volume in 1 second
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Volume of air that can be exhaled from lungs in 1 second following maximal inhalation
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Volume that cannot be measured by spirometry
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Residual volume
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Minimal Volume
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Air remaining after some residual volume is forced out. This can be used to test if baby was stillborn or died after birth
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Inspiratory Capacity
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Inspiratory Reserve + Tidal volume
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Functional Residual Capacity
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Residual volume + Expiratory Reserve volume
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Vital Capacity
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Everything except residual volume
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Hyperbaric Oxygenation
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Use of pressure to cause more O2 to dissolve into blood
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5 Factors contributing to rate of gas exchange
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1) Partial pressure of gases
2) Diffusion Distance 3) Surface Area 4) Temperature 5) Molecular weight and solubility of gas |
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4 Factors affecting Hemoglobin's Affinity for O2
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1)Acidity - Lower pH Less affinity for O2
2)Partial Pressure of CO2 - causing a lowering of Blood pH 3)Temperature - High temp is lower affinity 4)BPG- formed in RBCs during glycolysis - More BPG less affinity |
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Bohr Effect
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Increase in CO2 or lowering of pH causes hemoglobin to bind to O2 less affinitivly
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Fetal Hemoglobin (Hb-F)
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Has higher affinity for O2 because it binds to BPG less strongly
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Color Hemoglobin with CO bound to it
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Bright Cherry Red
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CO2 Transport mechanisms (3)
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7% Dissolved in plasma
23% Combined into carbaminohemoglobin 70% as Bicarbonate |
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Carbaminohemoglobin
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Hemoglobin bound to CO2
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Haldane Effect
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Relationship between lower amount of oxyhemoglobin the higher CO2 carrying capacity of blood
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Medullary Rhythmicity Area & its two parts
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Controls basic rhythm of Respiration
Inspiratory area generates nerve impulses for 2 seconds then lets rest for 3 seconds while you exhale Expiratory area remains inactive during quiet breathing but takes over during forceful exhalation |
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Pneumotaxic Area
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Area found on upper pons that coordinates transition between inhale and exhale but shortens duration of inhalation
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Apneustic Area
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Area found on lower pons that coordnates transition between inhale and exhale but prolongs inhalation for deep breathing
*Note Pnemotaxic Area overrides this |
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Central Chemoreceptor locations
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In or near Medulla Oblongata in CNS
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Peripheral Chemoreceptor locations
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Aortic Bodies
Carotid Bodies |
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Hypercapnia
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Increased PCO2
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Hypoxic Hypoxia
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Deficiency of O2 caused by a low Po2 in arterial blood due to high altitude, airway obstruction or fluid
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Anemic Hypoxia
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Lack of O2 caused by lack of hemoglobin or CO poisoning
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Ischemic Hypoxia
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Lack of O2 due to low blood flow to tissue
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Histotoxic Hypoxia
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Lack of O2 due to tissue inability to utilize O2 delivered due to toxin such as Cyanide which blocks enzyme required for use of O2 in ATP production
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Mechanism for preventing excessive inflation of lungs
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Inflation (Hering-Breuer) reflex
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Other factors that contribute to Respiration regulation (4)
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-Limbic system stimulation due to anticipation of activity or emotional anxiety
-Temperature increase increases rate of respiration -Pain brings brief apnea -Stretching of anal sphincter increases respiratory rate |
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Apnea
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Absence of breathing
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Pulmonary Perfusion
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Blood flow to the lungs
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Emphysema
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Disorder characterized by destruction of alveolar walls producing large air spaces that remain filled during exhalation
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Chronic Bronchitis
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Disorder characterized by excessive secretion of bronchial mucus accompanied by a productive cough
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