Ap Chap 2 Gen Vocab

Front 1

ATOMS

Back 1

building blocks

Front 2

ISOTOPES

Back 2

same number of protons and electrons, but differ in number of neutrons

Front 3

COVALENT BONDS

Back 3

electron sharing; produces molecules in which shared electrons occupy a single orbital common to both atoms

Front 4

HYDROGEN BONDS

Back 4

weak bond in which a hydrogen atom forms a bridge between two atoms. INTERMOLECULAR BOND

Front 5

ELECTROLYTES

Back 5

chemical substances, such as salts, acids, and bases, that ionize and dissociate in water and are capable of conducting an electric current

Front 6

ACIDS

Back 6

substances release H+

Front 7

BASES

Back 7

substances release OH-

Front 8

pH

Back 8

measure of relative acidity or alkalinity of a soln

Front 9

BUFFER

Back 9

chemical substances or system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding H+

Front 10

CARBOHYDRATE

Back 10

organic compound composed of C, H, O; includes straches, cellulose, sugars

Front 11

MONOSACCHARIDE

Back 11

bulliding blocks of carb

glucose

Front 12

DISACCHARIDE

Back 12

sucrose, lactose

Front 13

POLYSACCHARIDE

Back 13

polymer of linked monosaccharides

starch, glycogen

Front 14

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

Back 14

modified lipid, contains phosphrous

Front 15

STEROIDS

Back 15

group of chemical substances including certain hormones and cholesterol; they are fat soluble and contain little oxygen

Front 16

PROTEIN

Back 16

complex; contains C, O, H, and N

Front 17

AMINO ACIDS

Back 17

building blocks of protein

Front 18

PEPTIDE BONDS

Back 18

bond joining the amine group of one amino acid to the acid carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule

Front 19

ENZYMES

Back 19

protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction

Front 20

HALOENZYME

Back 20

part 1/2 of an enzyme

Front 21

APOENZYME

Back 21

part 2/2 of an enzyme; the protein portioin of an enzyme

Front 22

COFACTOR

Back 22

metal ion or organic molecule that is required for enzyme activity

Front 23

COENZYME

Back 23

nonprotein substance associated with and activating an enzyme, typically a vitamin

Front 24

SUBSTRATE

Back 24

reactant on which an enzyme acts to cause a chemical action to proceed

Front 25

ACTIVATION ENERGY

Back 25

amount of energy required to push a reactant to level necessary for action

Front 26

NUCLEIC ACID

Back 26

class of organic molecules that includes DNA and RNA

Front 27

NUCLEOTIDE

Back 27

building block of nucleic acids; consists of a sugar, nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group

Front 28

DNA

Back 28

hereditary info

Front 29

Adenosine Triphosphate

Back 29

ATP

organic molecules that stores and releases chemical energy for use in body cells

Front 30

ACIDOSIS

Back 30

state of abnormally high H+ concentration in extracellular fluid

Front 31

ALKALOSIS

Back 31

state of abnormally low H+ concentration in extracellular fluid

Front 32

KETOSIS

Back 32

excess levels of ketone bodies in blood. called ketoacidosis if blood pH is low

Front 33

SATURATED FAT

Back 33

fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds

Front 34

UNSATURATED FAT

Back 34

contain one or more double bonds

Front 35

TRANS FAT

Back 35

oils that have been solidified by H+ at sites of double carbon bonds

Front 36

HEAVY METALS

Back 36

metals with toxic effects on body, including arsenic, mercury, and lead. Iron, also included in this group, is toxic in high concentrations

Front 37

IONIZING RADIATION

Back 37

radiation that causes atoms to ionize

i.e. radioisotope emissions and x-rays

Front 38

RADIATION SICKNESS

Back 38

disease resulting from exposure of the body to radioactivity; digestive system organs are most affected

Front 39

ENERGY

Back 39

capacity to do work

Front 40

KINETIC ENERGY

Back 40

energy in action

Front 41

POTENTIAL ENERGY

Back 41

stored energy (inactive energy)

Front 42

CHEMICAL ENERGY

Back 42

form of energy stored in bonds of chemical substances

Front 43

ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Back 43

resulsts from movement of charged particles

Front 44

MECHANICAL ENERGY

Back 44

energy directly involved in moving matter

Front 45

RADIANT ENERGY or ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY

Back 45

energy that travels in waves also called electromagnetic spectrum

i.e. xrays, uv waves

Front 46

ATP

Back 46

food energy temporarily stored in bonds

Front 47

ORBITALS

Back 47

regions around the nucleus in which a given electron or electron pair is likely to be found most of the time

Front 48

ORBITAL MODEL

Back 48

used in predicting the chemical behavior of atoms

Front 49

ATOMIC WEIGHT

Back 49

average of all the isotopes of an element; atomic weight of an element is approximately equal to mass

Front 50

RADIOACTIVITY

Back 50

process of atomic decay

Front 51

RADIOISOTOPES

Back 51

isotopes that exhibit behavior

Front 52

HALF-LIFE

Back 52

time required for radioisotope to lose one-half of its activity

Front 53

MOLECULE

Back 53

combination of two or more atoms of same element

Front 54

COMPOUND

Back 54

combination of two or more different kinds of atoms bind

Front 55

MIXTURES

Back 55

substances composed of two or more componenets physically intermixed

Front 56

SOLUTIONS

Back 56

homogenous mixtures of components that may be g,l,s

Front 57

SOLVENT

Back 57

substance present in the greatest amount in solution; dissolving medium

Front 58

SOLUTES

Back 58

substance present in the least amount in soln

Front 59

MOLE

Back 59

the sum of atomic weights in any element or compound

i.e. C6H12O6 = 180.156 grams = 1.0 M for this substance

Front 60

AVOGADRO'S NUMBER

Back 60

6.02x10^23

which is the number of solute particle in 1M of any substance

Front 61

COLLOIDS

Back 61

hetergenous mixtures

they are large solute particles that do not settle out

Front 62

SUSPENSIONS

Back 62

heterogenous mixtures with large particles that do settle out.

i.e. sand and water

blood

Front 63

CHEMICAL BONDS

Back 63

energy relationship between electrons of reacting atoms

Front 64

ELECTRON SHELLS

Back 64

regions outside of the nucleus where electron clouds form

Front 65

VALENCE SHELL

Back 65

atom's outermost energy level

Front 66

IONIC BOND

Back 66

chemical bond between atoms formed by transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other

Front 67

ANION

Back 67

atom that has negative charge when electrons are gained.

electron acceptor

Front 68

CATION

Back 68

atom that has a positive charge when electrons are lost.

electron donor

Front 69

CRYSTALS

Back 69

large arrys of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds

Front 70

COVALENT BONDS

Back 70

electrons are shared by atoms

Front 71

NONPOLAR MOLECULES

Back 71

balanced atoms. do not have + and - poles of charge

Front 72

POLAR MOLECULE

Back 72

unequal electron sharing

Front 73

DIPOLE

Back 73

molecule that has two polesof charge

Front 74

SYNTHESIS or COMBINATION REACTION

Back 74

atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule

Front 75

REDOX

Back 75

decomposition reactions in that they are the basis of all reactions in which food fuels are broken down for energy. Electrons are exchanged between reactants

Front 76

OXIDIZED

Back 76

reactant losing electrons and is also called electron donor

Front 77

REDUCED

Back 77

reactant taking up transferred electrons (electron acceptor)

Front 78

EXERGONIC REACTIONS

Back 78

reactions that release energy

Front 79

ENDERGONIC

Back 79

reactions that absorb energy

Front 80

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Back 80

all contain carbon; all organic compounds are covalently bonded molecules

Front 81

SALT

Back 81

cation (loses electron and has ion has positive charge)

properties:
-dissociates in water
-produces electrical current in soln

Front 82

ACIDS

Back 82

release H+;proton donors

Front 83

BASES

Back 83

take up H+; proton acceptors

Front 84

BUFFERS

Back 84

release and hind H+ to maintain homeostasis

Front 85

STRONG ACIDS

Back 85

acdis that dissociate completely and irreversibly in water

Front 86

WEAK ACIDS

Back 86

acids that do no dissociate completely

Front 87

MOLECULAR CHAPERONES

Back 87

help proteins to achieve their functional 3D shape p 51

Front 88

ENZYMES

Back 88

globular proteins that act as a biological catalysts