A&p Chap 19

Front 1

Three general functions of Blood

Back 1

Transportation
Regulation
Protection

Front 2

Blood Volume in average sized adult Male & Female

Back 2

Male 5-6 Liters

Female 4-5 Liters

Front 3

Venipuncture

Back 3

Withdrawal of blood from a vein by using a needle and collecting tube

Front 4

Finger/Heel stick

Back 4

Process of blood withdrawal used for diabetics and infants

Front 5

Arterial Stick

Back 5

Process of blood withdrawal from arteries to test oxygen in oxygenated blood

Front 6

Buffy Coat

Back 6

Thin layer between packed RBCs and plasma in centrifuged blood

Front 7

Function of Plasma Proteins

Back 7

Proteins in blood that plays an important role in diffusion of fluids across capillaries

Front 8

Where are Plasma Proteins synthesized

Back 8

Synthesized by Hepatocytes in the liver

Front 9

3 Types of Plasma Proteins and their functions

Back 9

Albumins - Most numerous functions as transport proteins for several steroid hormones and for fatty acids

Globulins - Develops from B lymphocytes. Alpha and beta transport iron lipids and vitamins. Gamma Proteins help attack viruses and bacteria

Fibrinogen - Produced by liver for blood clotting

Front 10

3 Formed elements of Blood

Back 10

RBCs
WBCs
Platelets

Front 11

Hematocrit & Average for male and Females

Back 11

Percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs

Male - 47%
Female - 42%

Front 12

Polycythemia

Back 12

Condition that involves abnormally high hematocrit level causing the heart to pump harder

Front 13

Hemocytoblasts

Back 13

a.k.a Pluripotent stem cells which have the capacity to develop into several different types of cells

Front 14

Where are Bone Marrow Examination samples taken from?

Back 14

Iliac crest of hip bone & sometimes sternum

Front 15

Progenitor Cells

Back 15

Cells that are sometimes developed from Myeloid stem cells which are no longer capable of reproducing themselves but are committed to giving rise to more specific blood elements

- No recognizable microscopic appearance

Front 16

Precursor Cells

Back 16

a.k.a Blasts that have recognizable microscopic apearances

Front 17

Hemopoietic Growth Factors and the 3 types

Back 17

- Hormones that regulate differentiation and proliferation of particular progenitor cells

Front 18

Erythropoitin & its production

Back 18

A hemopoietic growth factor produced by cells in the kidney that increases number of RBC precursors

Front 19

Thrombopoietin & its production

Back 19

A Hemopoietic growth factor produced by liver and stimulates formation of platelets from megakaryocytes

Front 20

Cytokines & Two families

Back 20

A Hemopoietic growth factor that are produced by red bone marrow, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells that help to regulate activities of cells in nonspecific defenses and immune responses

- CFUs and Interleukins

Front 21

How does Hemoglobin help regulate BP?

Back 21

Hemoglobin transports NO produced by endothelial cells which cause vasodialation

Front 22

Formaion and destruction of RBC

Back 22

RBC - Globin - AminoAcids

RBC - Heme - Fe3+ - Transferrin to Liver - Stored as Ferritin - Transferrin to bone - Iron + Globin + Vitamin B12 + Erthopoietin = Erythropoiesis

Heme - Biliverdin - Bilirubin which goes into blood then liver - Secreted into bile inside liver to small intestine then large - Bacteria in large intestine convert bilirubin into urobilinogen - Some become yellow urobilin to be secreted in urine - most urobilinogen is converted to pigment stercobilin which gives feces its color

Front 23

Transferrin

Back 23

Transporter for Iron in the Blood

Front 24

Ferritin

Back 24

Iron storage protein found in Liver

Front 25

Biliverdin

Back 25

Green Pigment found during phagocytosis which gets further converted later

Front 26

Bilirubin

Back 26

Yellow pigment found during phagocytosis which is then brought into the liver

Front 27

Iron Overload

Back 27

Condition where amount of iron builds up and saturates all of the Ferritin and Transferrin, allowing the free growth of iron dependent microbes

Front 28

Erythropoiesis

Back 28

Production of RBCs

Front 29

Proerythroblast

Back 29

Precursor cell which divides into cells that synthesize hemoglobin

Front 30

Reticulocyte

Back 30

Cell that has ejected its nucleus & Becomes a RBC in a couple of days

Front 31

Hypoxia

Back 31

Cellular oxygen Deficiency

Front 32

Cells developed from Myeloid Stem Cells (6)

Back 32

RBC, Platelet, Eosinophil, Basophil, Neutrophil, Monocyte

Front 33

Cells developed from Lymphoid Stem Cells (2)

Back 33

T Lymphocyte (Tcell), B Lymphocyte (Bcell)

Front 34

Granular Leukocytes

Back 34

Eosinophil, Basophil, Neutrophil

Front 35

Eosinophil

Back 35

Dyes red orange in Acidic dye & nucleus has two lobes connected by a thick srand of chromatin

Front 36

Basophil

Back 36

Stains blue purple in Basic Dye. Granules obscures nucleus which has two lobes

Front 37

Neutrophil

Back 37

Pale lilac & has 2-5 lbes connected by thin strands of chromatin

Front 38

Lymphocyte

Back 38

Nucleus is round or indented and Stains dark

Front 39

Monocyte

Back 39

Nucleus is kidney or horseshoe shaped and cytoplasm is blue grap due to it's azurophilic granules which are lysosomes

Front 40

Macrophages & two types

Back 40

Monocytes differentiated in tissues

Fixed Macrophages reside in a particular tissue

Wandering Macrophage roam tissues and gather at sites of infection or inflammation

Front 41

Major Hisocompatibility antigens

Back 41

MHC, proteins found on WBCs and all other nucleated cells that serve as cell ID markers that are unique for each person except twins

Front 42

Leukocytosis

Back 42

An Increased number of WBCs as a protective response to microbes, anesthesia, excercise, and surgery

Front 43

Leukopenia

Back 43

A Decreased number of WBCs that is never beneficial

Front 44

Which cells return to bloodstream after fighting and which don't

Back 44

Granulocytes and Monocytes never return but Lymphocytes continually recirculate from blood to interstitial spaces

Front 45

Emigration

Back 45

aka Diapedesis which is a process where WBCs roll along endothelium, stick to it, and then sqeeze between endothelial cells

Front 46

Adhesion Molecules & 2 examples

Back 46

Molecules that help WBCs stick to endothelium

Selectins - displayed by endothelial cells in response to injury and sticks to carbs on surface of neutrophils causing it to slow down and roll

Integrin - Found in Neutrophil surface to stick it to endothelium and help it to move through blood vessel

Front 47

Which WBCs are active in phagocytosis?

Back 47

Neutrophils and Macrophages

Front 48

Kinin

Back 48

Toxin produced by microbes which stimulate chemotaxis

Front 49

Which WBC responds to tissue destruction by bacteria most quickly? And is the most numerous?

Back 49

Neutrophils

Front 50

Proteins found in neutrophil vesiclesthat poke holes in microbe membranes

Back 50

Defensin

Front 51

Neutrophil Method of Action

Back 51

Arrives first and Engulfs the pathogen while releasing chemicals such as lysozyme, strong oxidants, and defensin to poke holes and splatter it.

Front 52

Monocyte Method of Action

Back 52

Take longer to reach site of infection but comes in large numbers to destroy more microbes and clean up cellular debris

Front 53

Basophil Method of Action

Back 53

Leaves capillaries and releases granules containing heparin, histamine, and serotonin which intensify the inflammatory response

Front 54

Eosinophil Method of Action

Back 54

Leaves capillaries and releases enzymes such as histaminase that combats histamine. Also phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes and effective against parasitic worms

Front 55

Lymphocyte 3 types and Methods of Action

Back 55

B cells are effective at destroying bacteria and inactivating their toxins

T cells attack viruses, fungi, cancer cells

NK cells attack wide variety of microbes and spontaneous tumor cells

Front 56

A count of each of the five types of WBCs

Back 56

Differential WBC count

Front 57

High Neutrophil Count & Normal

Back 57

Bacterial infection

60%-70% Normal

Front 58

High Lymphocyte Count & Normal

Back 58

Viral infection

20%-25% normal

Front 59

High Monocyte Count & Normal

Back 59

Fungal/Viral infection

3%-8%

Front 60

High Eosinophil Count & Normal

Back 60

Parasite or Allergy

2%-4%

Front 61

High Basophil Count & Normal

Back 61

Allergic reaction

<1%

Front 62

Thrombopoietin

Back 62

Hormone that stimulates Myeloid Stem cells to develop in to Megakaryocyte-colony-forming cells

Front 63

Thrombocyte

Back 63

A.K.A Platelet which are tiny fragments of Megakaryocytes that are enclosed in a piece of the plasma membrane

Front 64

Bone Marrow Transplant

Back 64

Replacement of cancerous or abnormal red bone marrow with healthy red bone marrow

Front 65

Cord-Blood Transplant

Back 65

Obtaining stem cells from the umbilical cord after birth

Front 66

Hemostasis

Back 66

Sequence of responses that stops bleeding

Front 67

Hemorrhage

Back 67

Loss of a large amount of blood

Front 68

Vascular Spasm

Back 68

Contraction of the smooth muscle in walls of arteries and arterioles after being damanged

Front 69

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor

Back 69

A hormone inside platelets that causes proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle fibers, and fibroblasts to help repair damaged blood vessel walls

Front 70

Steps to Platelet plug formation

Back 70

1) Plate Adhesion
2) Platelet release reaction
3) Platelet Aggregation

Front 71

Mass of platelets that block the site of wound

Back 71

Plate Plug

Front 72

Serum

Back 72

Blood plasma minus clotting proteins

Front 73

Clot

Back 73

A network of insoluble protein fibers called fibrin which traps formed elements of blood

Front 74

Coagulation

Back 74

a.k.a Clotting which is a series of chemical reactions that culminates in formation of fibrin threads

Front 75

Thrombosis

Back 75

Condition in which blood clots too easily which could block undamaged blood vessels

Front 76

Extrinsic Pathway of Blood Clotting

Back 76

Has fewer steps than intrinsic pathway and occurs rapidly

- Tissue factor (TF) a.k.a Thromboplastin is released by damaged cells and falls into blood to combine with calcium to activate factor X which then combines with factor V in presence of Ca2+ to form prothrombinase

Front 77

Intrinsic Pathway of Blood Clotting

Back 77

- Occurs slowly

- When endothelial cells become damaged, blood comes into contact with collagen fibers in endothelium or glass wall of a tube which activates clotting factor 12 which then activates clotting factor X which in the presence of Calcium combines with factor V to form prothrombinase.

- Damage to endothelial cells damages platelets causing them to release phospholipids which can combine with calcium ions to also activate factor X

Front 78

Common Pathway

Back 78

Prothrombinase and calcium converts prothrombin into thrombin, thrombin with calcium converts fibrinogen to fibrin, Thrombin also activates factor 13 which strengthens the fibrin

Front 79

Two positive feedback loops of Thrombin

Back 79

1) Involves factor V and accelerates formation of prothrombinase which in turn produces more thrombin

2)Thrombin activates platelets which releases more platelet phospholipids which combines with calcium to activate factor X and so on

Front 80

Clot Retraction

Back 80

Process in which platelets pull on fibrin threads to bring edges of damaged vessel closer to decrease risk of further injury. This depends on clotting factor XIII released by platelets in the clot

Front 81

Vitamin K and Blood Clotting

Back 81

Vitamin K is a fat soluble vitamin produced by bacteria and absorbed through large intestine. It is not directly involved in clotting but is responsible for synthesis of 4 clotting factors

Front 82

Fibrinolytic System

Back 82

System that dissolves small inappropriate clots and clots after damage is repaired

Front 83

Dissolving of a clot

Back 83

Fibrinolysis

Front 84

Plasminogen

Back 84

Inactive enzyme that is incorporated into a clot when it forms

Front 85

Plasmin

Back 85

a.k.a Fibrinolysin is the active plasma enzyme form of plasminogen which digests fibrin threads and deactivates fibrinogen, prothrombin, factors V and XII to stop the clot

Front 86

Why doesn't a clot spread beyond a wound site? 2 Reasons

Back 86

1) Fibrin absorbs thrombin into the clot

2) Clotting factors are too dispersed by blood to bring about widespread clotting

Front 87

Prostacyclin

Back 87

A prostaglandin released by endothelial cells and WBCs that inhibits platelet adhesion and release

Front 88

Substances that delay, supress, or prevent blood clotting

Back 88

Anticoagulants

Front 89

An anticoagulant that blocks action of clotting factors X, XII, and Prothrombin

Back 89

Antithrombin

Front 90

An anticoagulant that is produced by mast cells and basophils and combine with Antithrombin to increase it's effectiveness in blocking thrombin

Back 90

Heparin

Front 91

Anticoagulant that enhances activity of plasminogen activators and blocks 2 major clotting factors that Antithrombin does not

Back 91

Activated Protein C (APC)

Front 92

Warfarin

Back 92

Antagonist to Vitamin K and blocks synthesis of the 4 clotting factors that Vitamin K produces

Front 93

Thrombus

Back 93

The inappropriate clot formed by thrombosis

Front 94

A blood clot, bubble of air, fat from broken bones, or any piece of debris transported by blood stream

Back 94

Embolus

Front 95

Pulmonary Embolism

Back 95

Condition in which a Embolus lodges in the lungs

Front 96

StreptoKinase

Back 96

Enzyme produced by streptococcal bacteria which activates plasminogen

Front 97

Tissue Plasminogen Activator t-PA

Back 97

A genetically engineered version of this is used to treat victims of heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots

Front 98

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

Back 98

Disease when mother is Rh- and baby is Rh+ so during birth their bloods contact causing the mother to make anti-Rh antibodies so during second pregnancy it will attack the baby's RBCs. Doesn't occur with first baby because blood only comes in contact during birth.

Front 99

RhoGAM

Back 99

Anti-Rh Gamma Globulin which binds to the Rh antigens of the baby to inactivate them so mother's blood never sees them

Front 100

Cross Matching

Back 100

Donor's RBCs are mixed with recipient's serum to see if agglutination occurs.

Front 101

Anemia

Back 101

Condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced

Front 102

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Back 102

Most common form of Anemia due to the lack of Iron and more prevalent in Women due to demands of fetus and menstruation

Front 103

Megaloblastic Anemia

Back 103

Condition caused by inadequate vitamin B12 or Folic acid which causes red bone marrow to produce large abnormal RBCs (Megaloblasts)

Front 104

Pernicious Anemia

Back 104

Condition due to inadequate hemopoiesis resulting from inability of the stomach to produce intrinsic factor which is needed to absorb vitamin B12 in small intestine

Front 105

Hemorrhagic Anemia

Back 105

Anemia due to excessive loss of RBCs from large wound or heavy menstruation

Front 106

Hemolytic Anemia

Back 106

Condition where RBC plasma membranes rupture prematurely causing hemoglobin to pour out into plasma and damage the kidneys

Front 107

Thalassemia

Back 107

Condition in which there is a deficient synthesis of hemoglobin

Front 108

Aplastic Anemia

Back 108

Condition caused by destruction of Red Bone Marrow due to toxins, radiation or medications

Front 109

Abnormal type of Hemoglobin found in RBCs of a person with Sickle Cell Anemia

Back 109

Hb-S

Front 110

Hemophilia

Back 110

Condition in which there is a deficiency in clotting causing severe bleeding in only minor trauma

Front 111

Leukemia

Back 111

Condition in which there is a large multiplication of cancerous WBCs which inhibit production of RBCs, normal WBCs, and platelets