A&p Chap 10

Front 1

Autorhythmicity

Back 1

Built-in Rhythm of heart & GI tract

Front 2

Autonomic

Back 2

Involuntary

Front 3

Somatic

Back 3

Voluntary

Front 4

Thermogenesis

Back 4

Process of muscles that generates Heat

Front 5

Superficial Fascia
- Function and Composition

Back 5

Separates muscle from skin

Composed of Areolar connective and Adipose Tissue

Front 6

Deep Fascia
- Function and Composition

Back 6

Holds muscles with similar functions together

Composed of Dense irregular connective tissue

Front 7

Muscle Composition Small to Large & Connective Tissues around each

Back 7

Myofibril
Muscle Fiber/Cell - Endomysium
Fascicle - Perimysium
Muscle - Epimysium

Front 8

Muscle Connective Tissue Composision

Back 8

Epimysium & Perimysium - Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Endomysium - Areolar Connective Tissue

Front 9

Aponeurosis

Back 9

A Flat & Broad Tendon

Front 10

Tendon Sheaths

Back 10

A.k.A Synovial Sheaths that have viseral Layer attached to tendon surface and Parietal Layer attached to bone with synovial fluid in between to reduce friction

Found in certain tendons such as those in wrist and ankle

Front 11

Myoblasts

Back 11

Mesodermal cells that form a Skeletal Muscle fiber before birth

Front 12

Hypertrophy

Back 12

A growth or enlargement of existing muscle fibers

Front 13

Hyperplasia

Back 13

Increase in the number of Muscle fibers

Front 14

Satellite Cells

Back 14

Myoblasts that reside in mature skeletal muscle for regeneration later on

Front 15

Fibrosis

Back 15

Replacement of muscle fibers by fibrous scar tissue

Front 16

Sarcolemma

Back 16

Plasma membrane of Muscle cell located just above the multiple nuclei of Muscle Cells

Front 17

Transverse (T) Tubules

Back 17

Tiny invaginations of sarcolemma that contain interstitial fluid and allows quick, uniform travel of action potentials

Front 18

Sarcoplasm

Back 18

Contains much glycogen for ATP synthesis & contains red protein called Myoglobin

Front 19

Myoglobin

Back 19

Protein found only in muscle that binds oxygen molecules and releases it to mitochondria when needed

Front 20

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

Back 20

Stores calcium in relaxed muscle and releases it during contraction

Front 21

Triad

Back 21

T tubule with the two Terminal Cisterns

Front 22

Terminal Cistern

Back 22

Dilated end sacs of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Front 23

Muscular Atrophy & 2 types

Back 23

Wasting away of muscles

Front 24

Disuse Atrophy

Back 24

Reversible condition due to inactivity

Front 25

Denervation Atrophy

Back 25

Irreversible condition where muscle fibers are converted to fibrous connective tissue

Front 26

Muscular Hypertrophy

Back 26

Increase in diameter of muscle fibers due to increased production of Myofibrils, mitochondria, SR and other organelles

Front 27

Sarcomeres

Back 27

Basic functional unit of Myofibril

Front 28

Z disc

Back 28

Separates one sarcomere from the next

Front 29

A Band

Back 29

Dark middle part of Sarcomere that extends entire length of Thick Filament

Front 30

I band

Back 30

Light area that contains only Thin filaments with a Z disc running through it

Front 31

H zone

Back 31

Center of A band that has only Thick Filaments

Front 32

M Line

Back 32

Middle of Sarcomere that contains supporting proteins that hold Thick Filaments together

Front 33

DOMS

Back 33

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
- Stiffness, tenderness, and swelling that occurs 12 to 48 hours after strenuous excercise

Front 34

3 Types of Muscle Proteins

Back 34

- Contractile Proteins
- Regulatory Proteins
- Structural Proteins

Front 35

Two Contractile Proteins

Back 35

Myosin & Actin

Front 36

Myosin

Back 36

300 of these proteins forms a thick filament like twisted golf clubs

Front 37

Actin

Back 37

Two of these molecules twist into a helix to form Thin filament

Front 38

Two Regulatory Proteins

Back 38

Tropomyosin & Troponin

Front 39

Tropomyosin Location and Function

Back 39

Found on thin filaments - Blocks Myosin binding site on actin during muscle relaxation

Front 40

Myomesin

Back 40

Structural Protein that forms M line

Front 41

Nebulin

Back 41

Long Non-elastic structural Protein that wraps around each thin filament and anchors them to Z discs

Front 42

Dystrophin

Back 42

Cytoskeleton Structural Protein that links thin filaments of sarcomere to proteins of sarcolemma & Helps to transmit tension into tendons

Front 43

Name of Muscle Contraction Process

Back 43

Sliding Filament Mechanism

Front 44

ATPase

Back 44

found on myosin head that hydrolyzes ATp into ADP and phosphate

Front 45

Contraction Cycle – Initiation and Proces

Back 45

The onset of contraction starts with release of Ca2+ into the cytosol where they bind to troponin and causes it to move tropomyosin

1) ATP hydrolysis
2) Attachment of myosin to actin to form crossbridges
3) Power Stroke
4) Detachment of myosin from actin

Front 46

Troponin

Back 46

Holds Tropomyosin in place

Front 47

Titin

Back 47

Structural protein that links Z disc to M line and stabilizes thick filament

-Contributes to elasticity as well

Front 48

Ca2+ Release Channels

Back 48

Channels found in SR that releases calcium ions after receiving AP

Front 49

Exitation-Contraction Coupling

Back 49

The steps that connect Exitation (Muscle AP propagating along Sarcolemma and into T tubules) to Contraction (Sliding of Filaments)

Front 50

Ca2+ Active Transport Pumps

Back 50

Pumps that use ATP to actively move Ca2+ from the cytosol back into the SR

Front 51

Calsequestrin

Back 51

Protein inside the SR that binds to Ca2+ for storage

Front 52

Rigor Mortis

Back 52

State of rigidity 3-4 occuring hours after death due to lack to ATP to detach crossbridges from actin

Front 53

Length-Tension Relationship

Back 53

Maximum tension occurs when sarcomere is 2.2 micrometers

Front 54

Somatic Motor Neurons

Back 54

Neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contract

Front 55

Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)

Back 55

Synapse between somatic motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber where Muscle AP arises.

Front 56

Synapse

Back 56

Region where communication occurs between two neurons or between a neuron and a target cell

Front 57

Synaptic Cleft

Back 57

Small gap between the synapse

Front 58

Neurotransmitter

Back 58

Chemical that travels across Synaptic Cleft

Front 59

Synaptic Vesicles

Back 59

Membrane-Enclosed sacs within each synaptic bulb

Front 60

Neurotransmitter found inside synaptic vesicles and released at the NMJ

Back 60

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Front 61

Motor End Plate

Back 61

Muscle fiber part of the NMJ

Front 62

Integral transmembrane proteins that bind specifically to ACh found in the motor end plate

Back 62

Acetylcholine Receptors

Front 63

Enzyme attached to collagen fibers in extracellular matrix of the synaptic cleft that breaks down ACh into Acetyl and Choline

Back 63

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Front 64

Botulinum Toxin

Back 64

a.k.a Botox, produced by bacterium Clostridium Cotulinum. Causes paralysis by blocking exocytosis of Synaptic Vesicles at the NMJ

Front 65

Curare

Back 65

Poison used by Indians to paralyze by binding to and blocking ACh receptors. Often used in surgery to relax muscles.

Front 66

Neostigmine

Back 66

Anticholinesterase Agent that strengthens weak muscle contractions by slowing removal of ACh from synaptic cleft

Also the cure for Curare or to terminate effects of curare-like drugs after surgery

Front 67

Electromyography (EMG)

Back 67

Test that measures the electrical activity (Muscle AP) in resting and contracting muscles.

Front 68

Energy-Rich molecule found only in sarcoplasm of muscle fibers

Back 68

Creatine-Phosphate

Front 69

Enzyme that catalyzes transfer of phosphate group from ATP to Creatine and vice versa

Back 69

Creatine Kinase (CK)

Front 70

Products of Glycolysis

Back 70

2 Pyruvic Acid
2 ATP (produces 4 but uses 2 in the process)

Front 71

Destiny of Pyruvic Acid during Anaerobic respiration (3)

Back 71

1. Converted into Lactic Acid through anaerobic metabolism
2. Diffuses into blood
3. Some are converted back into Glucose in the Liver

Front 72

Products of Aerobic respiration (4)

Back 72

1.ATP
2.CO2
3.Heat
4.H2O

Front 73

Requirements for Aerobic Repiration (4)

Back 73

1. Oxygen
2. Pyruvic Acid from glycolysis
3. Fatty acids from break down of triglycerides in adipose cells
4. Amino acids from breakdown of Proteins

Front 74

Central Fatigue

Back 74

Feelings of tiredness even before actual muscle fatigue occurs caused by changes in CNS

Front 75

Oxygen Debt / Recovery oxygen Intake

Back 75

Added oxygen over and above resting oxygen consumption

Front 76

3 ways that Oxygen Debt restores resting metabolic conditions

Back 76

1) Convert Lactic Acid back into glycogen to be stored in liver
2) Resynthesize Creatine phosphate and ATP
3) Replace oxygen removed from myoglobin

Front 77

Motor Unit

Back 77

A Somatic motor neuron plus all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates

Front 78

A brief contraction of all the muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single AP

Back 78

Twitch Contraction

Front 79

Myogram

Back 79

Record of muscle contraction

Front 80

Latent Period

Back 80

Delay when AP is sweeping over sarcolemma and Ca2+ ions are being released

Front 81

Contraction Period

Back 81

Second phase when Ca2+ binds to troponin and crossbridges form

Front 82

Relaxation Period

Back 82

Phase where Ca2+ is actively pumped back into SR and myosin binding sites are covered by tropomyosin

Front 83

Refractory Period

Back 83

State of lost exitability of muscle after it has recieved enough stimulation to contract

Front 84

Wave Summation

Back 84

Phenomena in which stimuli arriving at different times cause larger contractions

Front 85

Complete Tetanus

Back 85

Sustained contraction stimulated very rapidly so that individual twitches cannot be detected due to absolute no relaxation

Front 86

Motor Unit Recruitment

Back 86

Process in which the number of active motor units increases

Front 87

Interval Traning

Back 87

Workout Regimen that incorporates both Aerobic and Strength training

ie. Alternating sprints with Jogging

Front 88

Muscle Tone

Back 88

Small amount of tautness or tension in a muscle due to weak involuntary contractions

Front 89

Flaccid

Back 89

A state of limpness in which muscle tone is lost due to a cut or damaged motor neuron

Front 90

Hypotonia

Back 90

Decreased or lost muscle tone

-Makes muscles flaccid and appear flattened rather than round

Front 91

Flaccid Paralysis

Back 91

Condition characterized by loss of muscle tone, reflexes, and atrophy

Front 92

Hypertonia & the 2 types

Back 92

Increased muscle tone

Spasticity - Stiffness and an increase in tendon reflexes which could lead to Spastic Paralysis due to electrolyte disturbances

Rigidity - Increased muscle tone where reflexes are not affected i.e tetanus

Front 93

Isotonic Contraction & the 2 types

Back 93

- Force is constant while muscle length changes

-Concentric is when muscle shortens and pulls on another structure i.e picking up a book

-Eccentric is when shortened biceps lengthens in a controlled manner while it continues to contract i.e lowering a book

*Note - Eccentric causes more muscle damage

Front 94

Isometric Contraction

Back 94

Occurs when tension generated is not enough to exceed the resistance of the object but energy is still expended i.e holding a book straight out

Front 95

Three main types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Back 95

1) Slow Oxidative Fibers
2) Fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers
3) Fast glycolytic fibers

Front 96

SO Fibers

Back 96

-Smallest in diameter and has large amounts of myoglobin, capillaries, and mitochindria. -ATPase hydrolyzes ATP very slowly

Front 97

FOG Fibers

Back 97

-Intermediate diameter also containing large amounts of myoglobin and capillaries

-Generates considerable ATP by aerobic respiration and also contains much glycogen for anaerobic glycolysis

*Note - ATPase hydrolyzes 3-5 times faster than SO fibers

Front 98

FG Fibers

Back 98

-Largest in diameter and contain the most myofibrils but low in myoglobin, capillaries, and mitochondria

- Appear white and contain large amounts of glycogen and generate ATP mainly by glycolysis

Front 99

2 things found in Intercalated Disks

Back 99

- Desmosomes to hold them together
- Gap Junctions to allow spread of AP

Front 100

Visceral smooth muscle

Back 100

Single-Unit Smooth Muscle found in tubular arrangements that have autorhythmicity due to connections via gap junctions

Front 101

Multiunit Smooth muscle

Back 101

Smooth Muscle consisting of individual fibers each with it's own motor neuron & very few gap junctions

Front 102

Caveolae

Back 102

Pouchlike Invaginations of the sarcolemma in smooth muscle that contain extracellular Ca2+ that can be used for contraction

Front 103

Dense Bodies

Back 103

Place where thin filaments attach in smooth muscle

Front 104

Why does contraction in smooth muscle start slowly and last longer than skeletal muscle?

Back 104

Because since there are no T tubules in smooth muscle, it takes longer for Calcium to reach the filaments

Front 105

Calmodulin

Back 105

Regulatory protein in smooth muscle that binds to Calcium and activates Myosin Light Chain Kinase which uses ATP to add phosphate to myosin head to enable binding

Front 106

Smooth Muscle Tone

Back 106

State of continued partial contraction of Smooth Muscle

Front 107

Stress-Relaxation Response

Back 107

Phenomenon in which when a smooth muscle fiber is stretched, they contract, then tension decreases after a minute. This allows smooth muscle to stretch alot and still retain their contractability.

- This allows stomach and bladder to stretch while keeping the pressure inside the same

Front 108

Pericytes

Back 108

The satellite stem cells that regenerates smooth muscle cells.

Front 109

Neuromuscular Disease

Back 109

Term that encompasses problems at either somatic motor neuron, NMJ, or muscle fibers.

Front 110

Myopathy

Back 110

Term that encompasses problems with the skeletal muscle tissue itself.

Front 111

Myasthenia Gravis

Back 111

Autoimmune disease where antibodies are produced to bind and block ACh receptors causing fatigue, paralysis and eventually death

Front 112

Muscular Dystrophy & Example

Back 112

Group of muscle destroying diseases such as DMD in which there is a mutation in the dystrophin protein gene making the sarcolemma tear easily.

Front 113

Fibromyalgia

Back 113

Disorder that includes tenderness and pain in fibrous connective tissue in muscles, tendons, and ligaments