Ap- Ch6 Bones And Skeletal Tissues

Front 1

four classifications of bones?

Back 1

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

Front 2

Function of bones?

Back 2

Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral storage
Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

Front 3

Structure of long bones

Back 3

Periosteum - double layered protection membrane. Outer fibrous layer is dense irregular connective tissue. Inner osterogenic layer is composed of osteoblast/clast

Endosteum - delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone

Front 4

Structure of short, irregular, and flat bones?

Back 4

Thin plates of Periosteum covered compact bone on outside with endosteum covered spongy bone inside

No diaphysis or epiphyses

Contains bone marrow between trabeculae

Front 5

Location of red marrow

Back 5

Infants - in medullary cavity and all spongy bone

Adults - in spongy bone of flat bones, and head of femur and humerus

Front 6

Organic materials of bone

Back 6

Osteoblasts - bone-forming cells

Osteocytes - mature bone cells

Osteoclasts - large cells that reabsorb or break down bone matrix
Osteoid - unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoprotens, and collagen

Front 7

Inorganic materials of bone?

Back 7

Hydroxypatites (mineral salts)

Mainly calcium phosphates

Responsible for bone hardness and compressional strength

Front 8

Osteogenesis and ossification

Back 8

Process of bone tissue formation

Front 9

Intramembranous ossification?

Back 9

bone develops from a fibrous membrane

Front 10

Endochondral ossification?

Back 10

bones form by replacing hyaline cartilage

Front 11

Long bone growth and remodeling

Back 11

Growth in length - cartilage continually grows and is replaced by bone

Remodeling - bone is reabsorbed and added by appositional growth

Front 12

Hormonal regulation of bone growth during youth

Back 12

epiphyseal plate activity is stimulated by growth hormone.

testosterone and estrogen:
initially promote growth spurts
cause masculination and feminization of skeleton
later induce epiphyseal plate closure, ending longitude bone growth

Front 13

bone deposition

Back 13

Occurs when bone is injured or added strength is needed

requires a diet rich in protein, vitamins C D A, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese

alkaline phosphates are essential for mineralization of bone

Front 14

controls of bone remodeling

Back 14

Hormonal mechanism maintains calcium homeostasis in blood

mechanical and gravitational forces acting on skeleton

Front 15

Calcium is necessary for -

Back 15

Transmission of nerve impulses
Muscle contraction
Blood coagulation
Secretion by glands and nerve s
Cell division

Front 16

Osteomacia

Back 16

Bones are inadequately mineralized causing softened, and weakened bones

Front 17

Rickets

Back 17

bones of children are inadequately mineralized causing softened and weakened bones

Front 18

Osteoporosis

Back 18

Group of diseases in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone desposit. causes brittle bones.

Front 19

Vitamins C, A, K, and B12

Back 19

C is for collagen synthesis
A stimulates osteoblast activity
K and B12 help synthesize bone proteins

Front 20

growth hormone and thyroxine

Back 20

stimulates bone growth

Front 21

Estrogens and androgens

Back 21

stimulate osteoblasts

Front 22

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

Back 22

regulate calcium and phosphate levels

Front 23

skeletal cartilage

Back 23

no blood vessels or nerves
surrounded by perichondrium (dense irregular connective tissue)

three types - hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Front 24

hyaline cartilage

Back 24

support, flexibility, and resilience

present as articular cartilage covering long bone ends

Front 25

elastic cartilage

Back 25

similar to hyaline but contains elastic fibers

Front 26

fibrocartilage

Back 26

highly compressed with great tensile strength

contains collagen fibers