A&p Ch.2 Lecture Notes Cont'd

Front 1

Contain carbon, are covelently bonded, and are often large

Back 1

Organic compounds

Front 2

* Do not contain carbon
* Water, salts, and many acids and bases

Back 2

Inorganic compounds

Front 3

Absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before changing temperature

Back 3

High heat capacity

Front 4

Changing from a liquid to a gas requires large amounts of heat

Back 4

High heat vaporization

Front 5

Dissolves ionic substances, forms hydration layers around large charged molecules, and serves as the body's major transport medium.

Back 5

Polar solvent properties

Front 6

____ is an important part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions

Back 6

Reactivity

Front 7

___ resilient cushion around certain body organs

Back 7

Cushioning

Front 8

* Inorganic Compounds
* Contain cations other than H+ and anions other than OH-
* Are electrolyes; they conduct electrical currents- electrolyte solutions are normally formed when a salt is placed into a sovent much as water and solvent and solute molecules, in a process called solvation. For ex: when table salt, NaCl, is placed in water, the following occurs: NaCl = Na+ + Cl = table salt

All higher lifeforms require a subtle and complex electrolyte balance between the intracellular and extracellular milieu. In particuluar, the maintainence of precise osmotic gradients of electrolytes is important. Such gradients affect and regulate the hydration of the body, blood pH, and are critical for nerve and muscle funtion.

Back 8

Salts

Front 9

____ release H+ and are therefore proton donors
HCl = H+ + Cl-

Back 9

Acids

Front 10

____ release OH- and are proton acceptors
NaOH = Na+ + OH-

Back 10

Bases

Front 11

___ solutions have higher H+ concentration and therfore a lower pH.

Back 11

Acidic

Front 12

____ solutions have lower H+ concentration and therefore a higher pH

Back 12

Alkaline

Front 13

____ solutins have equal H+ and OH- concentrations

Back 13

Neutral

Front 14

pH 0 - 6.99

Back 14

Acidic

Front 15

pH 7.01 - 14

Back 15

Basic

Front 16

pH 7.00

Back 16

neutral

Front 17

Systems that resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids

Back 17

Buffers

Front 18

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system in the blood stream

Back 18

Buffers

Front 19

____ acid dissociates, reversibly releasing bicarbonate ions and protons

Back 19

BUFFERS
Carbonic Acid

Front 20

The chemical equilibrium between carbonic acid and bicarbonate resists pH changes in the blood.

Back 20

Buffers

Front 21

Molecules unique to living systems contain carbon and hence are ____ compounds

Back 21

Organic

Front 22

Organic compounds include:

Back 22

* Carbohydrates
* Lipids
* Proteins
* Nucleic Acids

Front 23

_____
* contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
* their major function is to supply a source of cellular food

Back 23

Carbohydrates

Front 24

_______ or simple sugars
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Deoxyribose, Ribose.

Back 24

Monosaccharide

Front 25

______
* Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose

Back 25

Disaccharides or double sugars

Front 26

Gycogen is a _______

Back 26

Polysaccharide or plymers of simple sugars

Front 27

Glucose + Fructose = ____

Back 27

Sucrose

Front 28

Glucose + Glucose = ______

Back 28

Maltose

Front 29

Galactose + Glucose = _____

Back 29

Lactose

Front 30

____ contain C, H, and O, but the proportion of oxygen in lipids is less than in carbohydrates

Back 30

Lipids

Front 31

Neutral fats or _____

Back 31

triglycerides

Front 32

_____- membrane structure

Back 32

phospholipids

Front 33

_____- hormones

Back 33

Steroids

Front 34

_____, in biochemistry are signaling molecules made by oxygenation of twenty-carbon omega-3 and omega-6, (EFAs). They exert complex control over many bodily systems, mainly in inflammation or immunity, and as messengers in the central nervous system.

Back 34

Eicosanoids

Front 35

Composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule.

Back 35

Neutral Fats (Triglycerides)

Front 36

_____ modified triglycerides with two fatty acid groups and a phosphorus group.

Back 36

phospholipid

Front 37

Flat molecues with four interlocking hydrocarbon rings

Back 37

Steroids

Front 38

____- 20 carbon fatty acids found in cell membranes

Back 38

Eicosanoids

Front 39

____ ___- found in subcutaneous tissue and around organs

Back 39

Neutral fats

Front 40

_____- chief component of cell membranes

Back 40

Phospholipids

Front 41

_____- cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, sex hormones, and adrenal cortical hormones.

Back 41

Steroids

Front 42

Name the fat soluable vitamins.

Back 42

A, E, K, D

Front 43

_____- prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes

Back 43

Eicosanoids

Front 44

_____- transport fatty acids and cholesterol in the bloodstream

Back 44

Lipoproteins

Front 45

* Building blocks of protein, containing an amino group and a carboxyl group
* Amino group NH2
* Carboxyl groups COOH

Back 45

Amino Acids

Front 46

The simplest Amino Acid is ____ .

Back 46

Glycine

Front 47

An acidic amino acid ____

Back 47

Aspartic acid

Front 48

A basic amino acid ____.

Back 48

Lysine

Front 49

A sulfur containing amino acid ____

Back 49

cysteine

Front 50

composed of conbinations of 20 types of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds.

Back 50

PROTEIN
Macromolecules

Front 51

____- Amino acid sequence

Back 51

Primary

Front 52

____- Alpha helices or beta pleated sheets

Back 52

Secondary

Front 53

Superimposed folding of secondary structures

Back 53

Tertiary

Front 54

____- polypeptide chains linked together in a specific manner.

Back 54

Quaternery

Front 55

____ proteins
* Extended and strand-like proteins
* Ex: keratin, elastin, collagen, and certain contractile fibers.

Back 55

Fibrous proteins

Front 56

____ proteins
* Compact, spherical proteins with tertiary and quaternary structures.
* EX: antibodies, hormones, and enzymes

Back 56

Globular proteins

Front 57

PROTEIN DENATURATION
* ____ unfolding of proteins due to drops in pH and/or increased temperature.

Back 57

Reversible

Front 58

PROTEIN DENATURATION
* ______ denatured proteins cannot refold and are formed by extreme pH or temperature changes

Back 58

Irreversibly

Front 59

CHARACTERISTICS OF MOST _____.
* Most are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts
* ____ are chemically specific
* Meat tenderizers are proteolytic ___ or proteases, ___ specialized in breaking the peptide bonds between amino acids found in complex pproteins. Meat is held together by a complex protein called collagen, and aside from mechanical tenderization and cooking, ___ are the only other available meat tenderizers. Meat is often tenderized before cooking, to make it less tough and more suitable for consumption.

Back 59

Enzymes

Front 60

* ____ are frequently named for the type of reactin they catalyze
* ____ names usually end in -ase

Back 60

Enzymes

Front 61

_____ _____ ____- makes the reactions take place with less energy expenditure.

Back 61

Lower activation energy

Front 62

____ ____
* composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
* Their structural unit, the nucleotide, is composed of N-contianing bse, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

Back 62

Nucleic Acids

Front 63

* Five nitrogen bses contribute to nucleotide structure- Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)
* Two major classes - DNA & RNA

Back 63

Nucleic Acids

Front 64

* Double-stranded helical molecule found in the nucleus of the cell
* Repicates itself before the cell divides, ensuring genetic contuity
* Provides instructions for protein synthesis.

Back 64

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Front 65

* Single-stranded molecule found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a cell.

Back 65

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Front 66

Uses the nitrogenous base uracil instead of thymine

Back 66

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Front 67

Source of immediately usable energy for the cell

Back 67

ATP

Front 68

Adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with three phosphate groups.

Back 68

Adenosin Triphosphate (ATP)