A&p Ch.19

Front 1

cardiovascular system

Back 1

the heart and the blood vessels that carry the blood to and from the bodys organs

Front 2

2 major divisions of the cardiovascular system

Back 2

pulmonary circuit, systemic cicuit

Front 3

carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart

Back 3

pulmonary circuit

Front 4

supplies blood to every organ of the body, including other parts of the lungs and the wall of the heart itself

Back 4

systemic circuit

Front 5

the right side of the heart serves what circuit

Back 5

pulmonary

Front 6

what divides the right and left pulmonary arteries?

Back 6

pulmonary trunk

Front 7

the left side of the heart serves what circuit?

Back 7

systemic

Front 8

where is the heart located

Back 8

in the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum

Front 9

the broad superior portion of the heart is called the ____

Back 9

base; point of attachment for the great vessels

Front 10

the heart is enclosed in a double walled sac called the ___

Back 10

pericardium

Front 11

the outer wall of the heart is called the _____

Back 11

parietal pericardium

Front 12

what covers the heart surface

Back 12

visceral pericardium

Front 13

the space between the parietal and visceral membrances

Back 13

pericardial cavity

Front 14

the _____ lubricates the membrane and allows the heart to beat alomst without friction

Back 14

pericardial fluid

Front 15

the _____ is a serous membrane on the heart surface

Back 15

epicardium

Front 16

the largest branches of the coronary blood vessels travel through the _____

Back 16

epicardium

Front 17

the _____ lines the interior of the heart chambers

Back 17

endocardium

Front 18

the _____ is the layer between the endocardium and epicardium that is composed of cardiac tissue

Back 18

myocardium

Front 19

the _____ is the thickest layer of the heart and performs the work of the heart

Back 19

myocardium

Front 20

functions of the fibrous skeleton

Back 20

1. provides structural support 2. anchors the myocytes and gives them something to pull against 3. serves as electrical insulation 4. may aid in refilling the heart with blood after each beat

Front 21

the two inferior heart chambers that eject blood into the arteries and keep it flowing around the body

Back 21

right and left ventricle

Front 22

the _____ encircles the heart near the base and separates the aria above from the ventricles below

Back 22

coronary sulcus

Front 23

extends obliquely down the heart in front

Back 23

anterior interventricular sulcus

Front 24

extends obliquely down the heart in back

Back 24

posterior interventricular sulcus

Front 25

_____ is the wall between the atria of the heart

Back 25

interatrial septum

Front 26

right atrium and both auricles exhibit internal ridges of myocardium called _____

Back 26

pectinate muscles

Front 27

the _____ is much more muscular, vertical walls between the ventricles

Back 27

interventricular septum

Front 28

there are _____ valves where the great veins empty into the atriua

Back 28

no

Front 29

the _____ regulate the openings between the atria and ventricles

Back 29

atrioventricular valves (AV)

Front 30

the _____ has 3 cusps

Back 30

right AV

Front 31

the _____ has 2 cusps

Back 31

left AV

Front 32

the _____ is aka the mitral valve

Back 32

left AV

Front 33

tendinous cords connect the valve cusps to conical _____ on the floor of the ventricle

Back 33

papillary muscles

Front 34

the _____ regulate the flow of blood from the ventricles into the great arteries

Back 34

semilunar valves

Front 35

the _____ controls the opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk

Back 35

pulmonary valve

Front 36

the _____ controls the opening from the left ventricle into the aorta

Back 36

aortic valve

Front 37

there are _____ tendinous cords on the semilunar valves

Back 37

no

Front 38

blood flows freely into the ventricles even _____ the atria contract

Back 38

before

Front 39

a fatty deposit or blood clot in a coronary artery could cause an _____, or heart attack

Back 39

medicardial infarction (MI)

Front 40

the point where two arteries come together and combine their blood flow to help prevent MIs is called _____

Back 40

anastomoses

Front 41

_____ is an alternative route

Back 41

collateral circulation

Front 42

most organs receive _____ arterial blood when the ventricles contract than when they relax

Back 42

more

Front 43

during _____ blood briefly flows back into the heart

Back 43

ventricular diastole

Front 44

during _____ blood is blocked from going back into the coronary arteries

Back 44

ventricular systole

Front 45

_____ refers to the route by which blood leaves an organ

Back 45

venous drainage

Front 46

the heart has its own _____ and _____

Back 46

pacemaker and electrical system

Front 47

the sypathetic pathway to the heart originates in the _____

Back 47

lower cervical to upper thoracic spinal cord

Front 48

the parasympathetic pathway to the heart is through the _____

Back 48

vagus nerves

Front 49

the right vagus nerve innervates mainly an electrical current through the _____

Back 49

SA node

Front 50

the left vagus nerve mainly innervates another center called the _____

Back 50

AV node

Front 51

the vagus nerve _____ the heartbeat

Back 51

slows

Front 52

cardiac myocytes are said to be _____ because they depolarize spontaneously at regular time intervals

Back 52

aytorhythmic

Front 53

the _____ controls the route and timing of electrical conduction to ensure that the 4 chambers are coordinated with each other

Back 53

cardiac conduction system

Front 54

what is the pacemaker that initiates each heartbeart

Back 54

SA node

Front 55

what node acts as an electrical gateway to the ventricles

Back 55

AV node

Front 56

cardiac muscle depends almost exclusively on what to make ATP

Back 56

anerobic respiration

Front 57

contraction is called what

Back 57

systole

Front 58

_____ is relaxation

Back 58

diastole

Front 59

the normal heartbeat triggered by the SA node is called the _____

Back 59

sinus rhythm

Front 60

any region of spontaneous firing other than the SA node is called _____

Back 60

ectopic firing

Front 61

the most common ectopic focus is what

Back 61

the AV node

Front 62

the _____ is a slower heartbeat produced by the AV node

Back 62

nodal rhythm

Front 63

an abnormal cariac rhythm is called _____

Back 63

arrythmia

Front 64

the myocardium is drained mainly by the ____, ____, ____, and ______ all of which empty into the _____

Back 64

great cardiac, posterior interventricular, left marginal veins; coronary sinus

Front 65

the coronary sinus ans several small thebesian veins empty into th e_____ and ____

Back 65

right atrium and ventricle

Front 66

blood pressure is measured with what

Back 66

sphygmomanometer

Front 67

blood pressure is expressed in what

Back 67

mm Hg

Front 68

a ____ is one complete cycle of contraction and relaxation of all four chambers

Back 68

cardiac cycle

Front 69

phase 1 of the cardiac cycle

Back 69

ventricular filling; ventricles expand, blood flows into ventricles

Front 70

phase 2 of the cardiac cycle

Back 70

isocolumetric contraction; the QRS wave occurs, the atria repolarize and relax, and ventricles begin constricting

Front 71

phase 3 of the cardiac cycle

Back 71

ventricular ejection; semilunar valves open and blood is ejected

Front 72

phase 4 of the cardiac cycle

Back 72

isovolumetric relaxation; ventricles repolarize and relax

Front 73

each ventricle ejects the ___ amound of blood

Back 73

same

Front 74

persistant low resting heart rate is _____

Back 74

bradycardia

Front 75

heart rate is raised or lowered respectively by ____ and ___ ____

Back 75

positive and negative chronotropic agents

Front 76

___ is the amount of tension in the myocardium just before contraction

Back 76

preload

Front 77

___ is the amount of force that the contracting myocardium generates for a given preload

Back 77

contractility

Front 78

___ is the resistance from blood pressue in te major arteries attached to the heart

Back 78

afterload

Front 79

___ is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Back 79

epicardium

Front 80

the myocardium is formed from ____

Back 80

cardiac muscle

Front 81

the ____ wraps the heart

Back 81

myocardium

Front 82

S1 - lub - ___ close

Back 82

AVs

Front 83

S2 - dub - ___ close

Back 83

SLs

Front 84

AV valves are anchored by the ___ and ___

Back 84

chordae tendineae, papillary muscles

Front 85

_____ valves are not anchored by tendons

Back 85

semilunar valves

Front 86

when blood is returning to the heart and fills the atria the _____ valves are forced ____

Back 86

atrioventricular, open

Front 87

as ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises, the semi lunar valves ___

Back 87

open

Front 88

systole:

Back 88

contraction

Front 89

diastole:

Back 89

relaxation

Front 90

during ventricular diastole the AV valves:
papillary muscles:

Back 90

open
relaxed

Front 91

during ventricular systole
semilunar valves:
papillary muscles:
AV valves:

Back 91

open
contract
shut

Front 92

the ____ provides blood to the myocardium

Back 92

coronary circulation

Front 93

the right and left coronary arteries emerge from the ____

Back 93

aortic sinuses

Front 94

___ blood flow is greater tha ___ blood flow to coronary arteries

Back 94

diastolic
systolic

Front 95

coronary sinus receives blood from 3 large veins:

Back 95

great, middle, and small cardiac vein

Front 96

the coronary sinus drains directly into the ____

Back 96

atrium

Front 97

____ is when blood mixes between the two ventricles

Back 97

ventricular septal defect

Front 98

__ is when part of the aorta is narrowed and the left ventricle has a higher work load

Back 98

coarctation of the aorta

Front 99

____ is the conduction system of the heart; how does it work

Back 99

autogenicity;
SA node depolarizes producing sponatneous depolarization of myocardial cells

Front 100

physoilogists divide the heart muscle into ____ and ____

Back 100

conractile and non contractile muscle (pacemaker cells)

Front 101

the ____ mucle forms the conduction system of the heart

Back 101

non contractile

Front 102

there are no gap junctions between the ____ and ____

Back 102

atria and ventricles

Front 103

Ca2+ that is needed for contraction is delivered from both the _____ & _____

Back 103

sarcoplasmic reticulum
extracellular fluid