A&p Ch.10: Respiratory System

Front 1

What are 5 functions of the respiratory system?

Back 1

1) provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood
2) moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs
3) protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment
4) produces sounds
5) participates in olfactory sense

Front 2

What is in the upper respiratory tract?

Back 2

-nostrils
-nasal passagees
-paranasal sinuses
-pharynx
-larynx

Front 3

What is in the lower respiratory tract?

Back 3

-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveoli

Front 4

What are the two portions of the respiratory tract?

Back 4

-conducting portion
*from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles
-respiratory portion
*respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Front 5

Where is the respiratory mucous membrane?

Back 5

-lines conducting portion of respiratory system

Front 6

What does the respiratory mucous memrane consist of?

Back 6

-an epithelial layer
-an areolar layer

Front 7

How does the epithelial layer of mucous membrane change?

Back 7

-goes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium to a very delicate simple squamous epithelium

Front 8

What are responsible for producing mucus?

Back 8

-goblet cells
-mucous glands

Front 9

What is cilia for?

Back 9

-sweep debris trapped in mucus toward the pharynx

Front 10

What is the purpose of filtration in respiration?

Back 10

-to remove large particles

Front 11

What do alveolar macrophages do?

Back 11

-engulf small particles that reach lungs

Front 12

What part does the nost play in respiration?

Back 12

-air enters through nostrils (external nares)
-air into nasal vestibule
-air goes through nasal hairs in the nasal vestibule as first particle filtration system
-air goes from vestibule to internal nares

Front 13

What divides the nasal cavity into left and right parts?

Back 13

-nasal septum

Front 14

What must the air pass through to get from external to internal nares?

Back 14

-superior meatus
-middle meatus
-inferior meatus

Front 15

What happens as air passes through the three meatus' and why?

Back 15

-turbulence for:
-warming and humidifying incoming air
-trapping particles

Front 16

What clean and moisten the nasal cavity?

Back 16

-mucous secretions from paranasal sinus
-tears

Front 17

Where and what is the olfactory region?

Back 17

-superior portion of nasal cavity
-provides sense of smell

Front 18

What/where is the hard palate?

Back 18

-forms floor of nasal cavity
-separates nasal and oral cavities

Front 19

What/where is the soft palate?

Back 19

-extends posterior to hard palate
-divides superior nasopharynx from lower pharynx

Front 20

Where do the digestive and respiratory systems meet?

Back 20

-pharynx

Front 21

Where is the pharynx located?

Back 21

-extends from the internal nares to entrances to the larynx and esophagus

Front 22

What are the divisions of the pharynx?

Back 22

-nasopharynx (superior)
-oropharynx (middle)
-laryngopharynx (inferior)
*extends from hyoid bone to entrance of larynx and esophagus

Front 23

After air leaves pharynx, where does the air go?

Back 23

-through glottis
-into larynx

Front 24

What is the larynx?

Back 24

-cartilaginous structure that surrounds the glottis
-composed of three large cartilages adn three smaller pairs of cartilages

Front 25

What is the epiglottis?

Back 25

-prevents entry of food and liquids into respiratory tract
-when swallowing, larynx is elevated and epiglottis folds back over glottis

Front 26

What are the two pairs of folds that span the glottis?

Back 26

-the inelastic vestibular folds
-more delicate vocal folds

Front 27

How is sound produced?

Back 27

-air passes through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds producing sound

Front 28

Where is the trachea located?

Back 28

-extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi
*posterior tracheal wall can distort to permit large masses of food to pass through the esophagus

Front 29

What does the trachea look like?

Back 29

-contains C-shaped tracheal cartilages
-stiffen the tracheal walls and protect the airway

Front 30

What does the trachea divide into?

Back 30

-left and right primary bronchi which enter each lung

Front 31

How is the bronchial tree formed?

Back 31

-primary bronchi branches apart

Front 32

How does the cartilage change as bronchi branch (and smooth muscle)?

Back 32

-decreases and smooth muscle increases

Front 33

What are the two functions of the lung?

Back 33

-air distribution
-gas exchange

Front 34

What are the parts of the lung?

Back 34

-hilus
-base
-apex
-convex lateral surface

Front 35

What is the hilus of the lung?

Back 35

-where pulmonary nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics enter lung

Front 36

What is the base of the lung?

Back 36

-inferior portion of each lung rests on superior surface of diaphragm

Front 37

What seperates the lobes of each lung?

Back 37

-fissures

Front 38

What are the lobes of the right lung?

Back 38

-cranial
-caudal
-middle
*sometimes a small accessory lobe

Front 39

What are the lobes of the left lung?

Back 39

-cranial
-caudal

Front 40

What is special about horse lungs?

Back 40

-they are unlobed

Front 41

What are the branching bronchial tree?

Back 41

-primary bronchus branches to form secondary bronchi
-secondary bronchi branch to form tertiary bronchi
-tertiary bronchus branches into multiple bronchioles
-bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles

Front 42

Where do each secondary bronchi go?

Back 42

-into each lobe

Front 43

What are tertiary bronchi known as?
What do they do?
How many are in each lung?

Back 43

-segmental bronchi
-supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment
-8 to 10 segments in each lung in human

Front 44

What are bronchioles made of?

Back 44

-no cartilage
-dominated by smooth muscle

Front 45

What controls diameter of bronchioles and airflow/ resistance in lungs?

Back 45

-autonomic control regulates smooth muscle, bronchioles are dominated by smooth muscle

Front 46

What are the smallest compartments of the lung?

Back 46

-pulmonary lobules

Front 47

How does blood enter and exit pulmonary lobules?

Back 47

-arteriole
-venuole

Front 48

What connects respiratory bronchioles to alveoli?

Back 48

-alveolar ducts

Front 49

Finally, what do terminal bronchioles split into (in lobules)?

Back 49

-respiratory bronchioles

Front 50

What are alveolus?

Back 50

-air filled pockets within the lungs where all gas exchange takes place
-a capillary network surrounds each alveolus
-surrounded by elastic fibers

Front 51

What is alveolar epithelium?

Back 51

-consists of simple squamous epithelium
-contains septal cells that produce surfactant
-patrolled by alveolar macrophages

Front 52

What does the respiratory membrane do?

Back 52

-the thin membrane of alveoli where gas exchange takes place

Front 53

What are the three parts of the respiratory membrane?

Back 53

-squamous epithelial lining of alveolus
-endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary
-fused basal laminae between alveolar and endothelial cells

Front 54

Why is gas diffusion very rapid across respiratory membrane?

Back 54

-because distance is small
-gases (oxygen and CO2) are lipid soluble

Front 55

What is the circuit called which supplies blood to the lungs?

Back 55

-pulmonary circuit

Front 56

Where to the pulmonary arteries enter the lungs?

Back 56

-at the hilus and branch with the bronchi

Front 57

Where does the oxygenated blood from the alveolar capillaries go?

Back 57

-pass through pulmonary venules
-enters pulmonary veins
-delivered into left atrium

Front 58

What separates the 2 pleural cavities?

Back 58

-mediastinum

Front 59

What does each pleural cavity hold?

Back 59

-holds a lung
-lined with a serous membrane (the pleura)

Front 60

What are the two layers of the serous cavity?

Back 60

-parietal pleura
-visceral pleura

Front 61

What lubricates the space between the two pleura?

Back 61

-pleural fluid

Front 62

What is external respiration?

Back 62

-the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs

Front 63

What does external respiration include?

Back 63

-pulmonary ventilation
-gas diffusion across the respiratory membrane
-transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

Front 64

What is internal respiration?

Back 64

-the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissue cells

Front 65

What is pulmonary ventilation?

Back 65

-the physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract (inspiration and expiration)

Front 66

What is Boyle's law?

Back 66

-as pressure on a gas decreases, its volume expands
-as pressure increases, gas volume contracts (P=1/V)

Front 67

What is normal atmospheric pressure?

Back 67

-at sea level, it's about 760mm Hg
-mm Hg is millimeters of mercury

Front 68

What is compliance?

Back 68

-ability of pulmonary tissues to stretch, making inspiration possible

Front 69

What are the mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation?

Back 69

-air flows from area of higher pressure to area of lower pressure
-relationship between intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure determines the direction of air flow

Front 70

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

Back 70

-pressure measured inside the respiratory tract, at the alveoli
-on inhalation: -1 mm Hg
-on exhalation: +1 mm Hg

Front 71

What is intrapleural pressure?

Back 71

-pressure measured in the space between the parietal and vesceral pleura
- -4mm Hg to -18 mm Hg

Front 72

What are the most important respiratory muscles?

Back 72

-the diaphragm
-external intracostal muscles of the ribs
-accessory respiratory muscles

Front 73

What are the accessory respiratory muscles?
*When are these activated

Back 73

-internal intercostal
-pectoralis minor
-rectus abdominis muscles
-activated when respiration increases significantly

Front 74

What are the modes of breathing?

Back 74

-quiet breathing
-forced breathing

Front 75

What is quiet breathing?

Back 75

-eupnea
-involves active inhalation and passive exhalation
-involves the diaphragm and the external and internal intercostal muscles

Front 76

What is forced breathing?

Back 76

-hyperpnea
-involves active inhalation and exhalation
-assisted by accessory muscles

Front 77

What is the instrument used to measure volume of air?

Back 77

-spirometer

Front 78

What are the 4 pulmonary volumes?

Back 78

1) Tidal volume
2) expiratory reserve volume
3) inspiratory reserve volume
4) resudual volume

Front 79

What are the 4 calculated respiratory capacities?

Back 79

1) inspiratory capacity
2) functional residual capacity
3) vital capacity
4) total lung capacity

Front 80

What is tidal volume?

Back 80

-amount of air moving into or out of the lung furing a single respiratory cycle

Front 81

What is expiratory reserve volume?

Back 81

-largest volume of additional air can be forcibly exhaled

Front 82

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Back 82

-amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal inspiration

Front 83

What is residual volume?

Back 83

-amount of air that cannot be forcibly exhaled

Front 84

What is inspiratory capacity?

Back 84

-tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Front 85

What is functional residual capacity?

Back 85

-the amoun tof air at the end of a normal respiration
-expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

Front 86

What is vital capacity?

Back 86

-the sum of IRV + TV + ERV

Front 87

What is total lung capacity?

Back 87

-the total amount of air a lung can hold
-vital capacity + resudual volume

Front 88

Where does gas exchange occur?
*What does it depend on?

Back 88

-occurs between blood and alveolar air
-occurs across the respiratory membrane
-depends on partial pressures of the gases, and diffusion of molecules between gas and liquid

Front 89

What is partial pressure?

Back 89

-the pressure contributed by each gas in teh atmosphere
-all partial pressures add up to 760 mm Hg

Front 90

What is Henry's Law?

Back 90

-The amoun tof a gas in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas
-the actual amount of a gas in solution at a given partial pressure and temperature depends on teh solubility of the gas in that particular liquid

Front 91

Where is blood flow greatest?

Back 91

-coordinated with air flow
-greatest around alveoli with highest P02 values

Front 92

Under normal conditions, equilibrium exists between what in respiration?

Back 92

-absorption of oxygen and generation of carbon dioxide in peripheral cells
-the capillary rates of delivery and removal
-oxygen absorption and carbon dioxide excretion at the lungs

Front 93

What homeostatic mechanisms occur if equilibrium becomes unbalanced in respiration?

Back 93

-changes in blood flow and oxygen delivery that are regulated at the local level
-changes in teh depth and rate of respiration under the control of the brain's respiratory centers

Front 94

Where are the respiratory centers located in the brain?

Back 94

-pons and medulla oblongata
-

Front 95

What are the respiratory centers in the pons called?

Back 95

-apneustic
-pneumotaxic centers

Front 96

Where are the respiratory rhythmicity centers located and what do they do?

Back 96

-medulla oblongata
-set the pace of respiration

Front 97

What 2 groups can the rhythmicity centers be divided into?

Back 97

-dorsal respiratory group
-ventral respiratory group

Front 98

What is the dorsal respiratory group do?

Back 98

-inspiratory center
-functions in quiet and forced breathing

Front 99

What is the ventral respiratory group?

Back 99

-inspiratory and expiratory center
-functions only in forced breathing

Front 100

What do the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers of the Pons do?

Back 100

-adjust output of respiratory rhythmicity centers

Front 101

What does the apneustic center do?

Back 101

-stimulates the inspiratory center to increase the length and depth of inspiration

Front 102

What does the pneumotaxic center do?

Back 102

-inhibits the apneustic center and inspiratory center to prevent overinflation of the lungs

Front 103

What are three respiratory reflexes?

Back 103

1) chemoreceptor reflexes
2) baroreceptor reflexes
3)Hering-Breuer reflexes

Front 104

What are chemoreceptors sensitive to?
*What does this lead to?

Back 104

-P CO2, P O2, pH
-blood or cerebrospinal fluid
*leads to increased depth and rate of respiration

Front 105

Describe barareceptor reflexes.

Back 105

-carotid and aortic barareceptor stimulation affects blood pressure and respiratory centers
-when blood pressure falls, respiration increases
-when blood pressure increases, respiration decreases

Front 106

What are 2 baroreceptor reflexes involved in forced breathing?

Back 106

-inflation reflex
-deflation reflex

Front 107

What does the inflation reflex do in the Hering-Breuer reflexes?

Back 107

-prevents overexpansion of lungs

Front 108

What does the deflation reflex do in the Hering-Breuer reflexes?

Back 108

-inhibits expiratory centers
-stimulates inspiratory centers during lung deflation

Front 109

What are the primary dirvers of respiratory activity?

Back 109

-CO2 levels, not O2 levels!

Front 110

Input from what three things cause modification of basic pace of respiration.
*Where does this occur?

Back 110

-chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, stretch receptors
-basic pace of respiration established between respiratory centers in the pons and medulla oblongata