Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Anatomy is...
|
Science that studies the normal body structures
|
|
|
|
Physiology is...
|
Science that studies the normal body functions.
|
|
|
|
Relationship is...
|
Structure is the basis for function, while function reflects structure
|
|
|
|
Characteristics of Life are:
|
Responsiveness
Conductivity Growth Respiration Digestion Absorption Secretion Excretion Circulation Reproduction |
|
|
|
Levels of Organization:
|
Chemical
Cellular Tissue Organ System Organism |
|
|
|
Standard Anatomical Position:
|
Body erect
Face forward Arms at sides Palms forward Legs straight Soles on ground |
|
|
|
Dorsal cavities:
|
Cranial
Spinal |
|
|
|
Ventral cavities:
|
Thoracic
|
|
|
|
Mediastinum
|
(including pericardial)
|
|
|
|
Pleural
|
Abdominopelvic
|
|
|
|
Anatomy is...
|
Science that studies the normal body structures
|
|
|
|
Physiology is...
|
Science that studies the normal body functions.
|
|
|
|
Relationship is...
|
Structure is the basis for function, while function reflects structure
|
|
|
|
Characteristics of Life are:
|
Responsiveness
Conductivity Growth Respiration Digestion Absorption Secretion Excretion Circulation Reproduction |
|
|
|
Levels of Organization:
|
Chemical
Cellular Tissue Organ System Organism |
|
|
|
Standard Anatomical Position:
|
Body erect
Face forward Arms at sides Palms forward Legs straight Soles on ground |
|
|
|
Body Cavities
|
Dorsal cavities
Cranial Spinal Ventral cavities Thoracic Mediastinum (including pericardial) Pleural Abdominopelvic Abdominal Pelvic Diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity |
|
|
|
Specific Body Regions
|
Axial
Centrally located areas Appendicular Attached to axial regions |
|
|
|
9 Abdominal Regions
|
Organs in what region?
Liver Gallbladder Stomach Spleen Small intestine Large intestine Appendix Kidney Urinary bladder Uterus |
|
|
|
4 Abdominal Quadrants
|
RUQ
LUQ RLQ LLQ |
|
|
|
Directional Terms, Sections and Planes
|
Directional terms:
Superior vs inferior Anterior vs posterior Proximal vs distal Medial vs lateral Sections and planes: Sagittal (mid or para) Frontal (coronal) Transverse (cross section) |
|
|
|
Homeostasis Definition:
|
The internal body remains in a relatively stable condition in the face of continuous changes in the external environment
|
|
|
|
Homeostatic control mechanisms
|
Negative feedback
Positive feedback |
|
|
|
Negative Feedback
|
The output (response) of a system tries to reverse the input (stimulus) of the system
Most of our body's regulatory mechanisms for homeostasis are controlled via negative feedback |
Ex. Goosebumps to warm body
|
|
|
Positive Feedback
|
The output (response) of a system acts to enhance the input (stimulus) of the system
It is potentially dangerous or harmful, so it must be completed quickly |
Ex. Release of Oxytocin during Childbirth
|
|
|
Matter is:
|
Anything that has mass and occupies space
|
|
|
|
Two Types of Substances are:
|
Pure & Mixed
|
|
|
|
Example of Pure Substance:
|
elements; Atoms are basic units of elements
|
|
|
|
Example of Mixed Substance:
|
compounds;
Molecules are made up of atoms |
|
|
|
Elements in the Human Body
|
Major elements
Oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), sodium (natrium or Na), potassium (kalium or K), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), and magnesium (Mg) |
|
|
|
Trace Elements in the Human Body
|
Trace elements
Aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), fluorine (F), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), iodine (I), etc. |
|
|
|
What 3 particles make up the atom model?
|
Proton
Neutron Electron |
Number of protons is equal to number of electrons
|
|
|
Energy Levels of an atom:
|
Inner Ring:Maximum of 2 electrons
Outer Ring:Maximum of 8 electrons |
|
|
|
5 Common Elements:
|
Hydrogen 1p+,1e-
Nitorgen 10p+,10e-,10N Helium 2p+,2e-,2N Oxygen 8p+,8e-,8N Carbon 6p+,6e-,6N |
|
|
|
Chemical Bonds – Ionic Bond
|
Gain or loss or electrons
Ions are charged atoms |
|
|
|
Chemical Bonds – Covalent Bond
|
Sharing of electrons, strongest bond
|
|
|
|
Chemical Bonds – Hydrogen Bond
|
Weak attractive force between opposite charges
|
|
|
|
Chemical Reactions
(Dehydration vs. Hydrolysis) |
Dehydration: synthesis of polymer with removal of water
Hydrolysis: breakdown of polymer with addition of water |
|
|
|
Inorganic vs. Organic Molecules
|
Inorganic molecules
Absence of hydrocarbon (CH) Organic molecules Presence of hydrocarbon (CH) |
|
|
|
Examples of Inorganic Molecules
|
Water
Good solvent and temperature buffer Oxygen and carbon dioxide Respiratory gases Acids and bases Determined by hydrogen ion concentration Measured by pH scale Salts Products of reactions between acids and bases |
|
|
|
pH Scale
|
Power of hydrogen ions
Neutral when pH = 7 Acidic when pH < 7 Basic (alkaline) when pH > 7 |
|
|
|
Organic Molecules: ~Carbohydrates
|
Main energy source of the body
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Examples are glucose, lactose, sucrose, glycogen, and starch |
|
|
|
Organic Molecules – Lipids
|
Energy storage of the body
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Examples are fats, oils, and steroids |
|
|
|
Organic Molecules – Proteins
|
Structure and function of the body
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Examples are keratin, hemoglobin, antibodies, and enzymes |
|
|
|
Organic Molecules – Nucleic Acids
|
Genetic material of the body and cellular form of energy
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus Examples are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
|
|
|
General Cell Structures:
|
3 parts
Cell (plasma) membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus |
|
|
|
Cell Membrane
|
What organic molecules are found in the cell membrane?
|
|
|
|
Organelles in Cytoplasm
|
Ribosome
Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth) Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Lysosome Peroxisome Centrosome (centrioles) |
|
|
|
Nucleus
|
~Control center of the cell
~Nucleolus is the site of ribosome production ~Chromatin and chromosome are the genetic material |
|
|
|
Cell Surface Extensions
|
Cilia
Respiratory tract Microvilli ~Intestines Flagella ~Sperm cells |
|
|
|
Cytoskeleton
|
Microtubule
~Thickest fiber Microfilament ~Thinnest fiber Intermediate filament ~Networking |
|
|
|
Cell-and-Cell Connections
|
Desmosome
~Spot Belt ~Gap junction Tight junction |
|
|
|
Main Functions of Cells:
|
Membrane transport
Cell metabolism Cell growth and reproduction |
|
|
|
Membrane Transport:
|
Passive transport & Active transport
|
|
|
|
Explain the two different types of membrane transport:
|
Passive transport
~No cellular energy (ATP) is required;Movement of substances along the concentration or pressure gradient Active transport Cellular energy (ATP) is consumed ~Active Transport is Movement of substances against the concentration or pressure gradient |
|
|
|
Passive Transport – Diffusion
|
Movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
|
Gated Transport
|
|
|
Passive Transport – Dialysis
|
Showing the property of selective permeability
|
|
|
|
Passive Transport – Osmosis
|
Diffusion of water across the semi-permeable membrane
|
|
|
|
Effects of Osmosis on RBCs
|
Hypotonic-Low solutes and high water
Hypertonic-High solutes and low water Isotonic-Same solute and water concentrations |
|
|
|
Passive Transport – Facilitated Diffusion
|
Diffusion that requires carrier molecules
|
Carrier Mediated Transport
|
|
|
Active Transport - Na+-K+ Pump
|
~For every ATP molecule consumed, 3 Na+ are pumped out of and 2 K+ are pumped into the cell
~To keep the normal cell volume and generate resting membrane potential |
|
|
|
Endocytosis
|
Endocytosis:
Phagocytosis (cell eating) Pinocytosis (cell drinking) |
|
|
|
Main Functions of Cells:
|
Membrane transport
Cell metabolism Cell growth and reproduction |
|
|
|
Membrane Transport:
|
Passive transport & Active transport
|
|
|
|
Explain the two different types of membrane transport:
|
Passive transport
~No cellular energy (ATP) is required;Movement of substances along the concentration or pressure gradient Active transport Cellular energy (ATP) is consumed ~Active Transport is Movement of substances against the concentration or pressure gradient |
|
|
|
Passive Transport – Diffusion
|
Movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
|
Gated Transport
|
|
|
Passive Transport – Dialysis
|
Showing the property of selective permeability
|
|
|
|
Passive Transport – Osmosis
|
Diffusion of water across the semi-permeable membrane
|
|
|
|
Effects of Osmosis on RBCs
|
Hypotonic-Low solutes and high water
Hypertonic-High solutes and low water Isotonic-Same solute and water concentrations |
|
|
|
Passive Transport – Facilitated Diffusion
|
Diffusion that requires carrier molecules
|
Carrier Mediated Transport
|
|
|
Active Transport - Na+-K+ Pump
|
~For every ATP molecule consumed, 3 Na+ are pumped out of and 2 K+ are pumped into the cell
~To keep the normal cell volume and generate resting membrane potential |
|
|
|
Endocytosis
|
Endocytosis:
Phagocytosis (cell eating) Pinocytosis (cell drinking) |
|
|
|
Exocytosis:
|
Exocytosis
Secretion of neurotransmitters or hormones Excretion of waste products |
|
|
|
Genes Determine Traits
|
Flow of genetic information
Transcription: DNA → RNA (transcript) Translation: RNA → protein (gene product) |
|
|
|
Sex Cell Production
|
Mitosis>Meiosis I>Meiosis II
|
|
|
|
Histology:
|
study of tissues
|
|
|
|
Histogenesis:
|
formation of tissues
|
|
|
|
4 Principal Types of Tissues:
|
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue |
|
|
|
Epithelial tissue
|
Covering and lining
|
|
|
|
Connective tissue
|
Connecting and supporting
|
|
|
|
Muscle tissue
|
Contraction and movement
|
|
|
|
Nervous tissue
|
Communication and coordination
|
|
|
|
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
|
Cell shapes
Cell arrangements |
|
|
|
Simple Squamous Epithelium
|
Single-layered flattened cells
|
|
|
|
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
|
Single-layered cube-like cells
|
|
|
|
Simple Columnar Epithelium
|
Single-layered column-like cells
|
|
|
|
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
|
Not all cells reach the free surface
|
|
|
|
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
|
Keratinized & Nonkeratinized
|
|
|
|
Give example of Keratinized :
|
(cornified)
Seen in the skin |
|
|
|
example of Nonkeratinized:
|
Seen in non-cutaneous organs, such as mouth, esophagus, vagina
|
|
|
|
ex of Transitional Epithelium:
|
Cell shapes change when the bladder is full
|
|
|
|
Epithelial Exocrine Glands
|
Apocrine gland
Holocrine gland Merocrine gland (most common type) |
|
|
|
Apocrine gland
|
Collect secretory products near the apex (tip), and then release them into a duct by pinching off the distended end, e.g. mammary glands
|
|
|
|
Holocrine gland
|
Collect secretory products inside the cell, and then rupture completely to release them, e.g. sebaceous glands
|
|
|
|
Merocrine gland (most common type)
|
Discharge secretory products directly through the plasma membrane without injury to cell structure, e.g. salivary glands
|
|
|
|
Classification of Connective Tissue (2 types):
|
Fibrous CT
Special CT |
|
|
|
Fibrous CT
|
Loose, areolar
Adipose Reticular Dense regular Dense irregular |
|
|
|
Special CT
|
Osseous (compact bone)
Cartilages Blood tissue |
|
|
|
Loose, Areolar Tissue
|
Most abundant tissue in the body
|
|
|
|
Adipose Tissue
|
Seen in fatty structures
|
|
|
|
Reticular Tissue
|
Seen in the liver and spleen
|
|
|
|
Dense Regular Tissue
|
Seen in the tendons and ligaments
|
|
|
|
Dense Irregular Tissue
|
Seen in the dermis and scar tissues
|
|
|
|
Osseous Tissue
|
Seen in the compact bone
|
|
|
|
3 types of Cartilages:
|
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage Elastic |
|
|
|
Ex of Hyaline:
|
Nose, rib, and end of a long bone
|
|
|
|
Ex of Fibrocartilage:
|
Intervertebral disc and pubic symphysis
|
|
|
|
Ex of Elastic:
|
External ear
|
|
|
|
Blood Tissue consists of:
|
Plasma (liquid) and blood cells (solid)
|
|
|
|
3 types of:
|
Skeletal
Cardiac Smooth |
|
|
|
Nervous Tissue consists of:
|
Nerve cells (neurons)
Neuroglia (glial cells) |
|
|
|
What is the function of Nerve Cells (neurons)?
|
Conducting neural impulses
|
|
|
|
What is the function of Neuroglia (glial cells)?
|
Supporting nerve cells
|
|
|
|
Body Membranes (2 types):
|
Connective tissue membranes
& Epithelial tissue membranes |
|
|
|
Epithelial tissue membranes are present:
|
Cutaneous
Serous Mucous |
|
|
|
Connective tissue membranes are found:
|
Synovial
Line joint cavities and bursae |
|
|
|
Overview of Skin:
|
Largest, heaviest, thinnest, and most sensitive organ in the body consisting of Cutaneous membranes & Subcutaneous Tissue
|
|
|
|
Cutaneous membranes
|
Epidermis and dermis
|
|
|
|
Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)
|
Hypodermis
|
|
|
|
Epidermal Cell Layers
|
Stratum corneum (horny layer)
Stratum lucidum (clear layer, only seen in thick skin, e.g. palms and soles) Stratum granulosum (granular layer) Stratum spinosum (spiny layer) Stratum basale (basal layer) |
|
|
|
Epidermal Cell Types
|
Keratinocytes
~Make up > 90% of epidermal cells, produce water-proofing protein (keratin) Melanocytes ~Compose > 5% of epidermal cells, produce skin pigment (melanin) Langerhans cells ~Phagocytic cells, serving as a defense mechanism |
|
|
|
Dermal Structures
|
Papillary & Reticular
|
|
|
|
Papillary layer
|
Dermal papillae: for fingerprints
|
|
|
|
Reticular layer
|
Contains specialized sensory receptors, muscle fibers, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, and blood vessels
|
|
|
|
Skin Color
|
~Determined by the genes and skin pigment (melanin)
~Modified by the oxygen level and volume of the blood in the blood vessels |
|
|
|
Regulation of Body Temperature
|
1. Heat Production
2. Heat Loss 3. Heat Transfer |
|
|
|
Heat Production
|
From metabolism, especially in skeletal muscle and liver
|
|
|
|
Heat Loss
|
Through skin: about 80%
Through respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts: about 20% |
|
|
|
Heat Transfer
|
Evaporation, radiation, conduction, and convection
|
|
|
|
Skin Appendages
|
Hair
Nails Glands |
|
|
|
2 types of Cutaneous Glands:
|
Sweat gland
Sebaceous (oil) gland |
|
|
|
2 types of sweat glands:
|
Eccrine
Apocrine |
|
|
|
4 Types of Bones:
|
Long bones
Flat bones Short bones Irregular bones |
|
|
|
Typical Long Bone
|
Epiphysis
Diaphysis Spongy bone Red marrow Compact bone Medullary cavity Yellow marrow Endosteum Periosteum |
|
|
|
Osseous Tissue
|
Found in compact bone
|
|
|
|
Osteon (Haversian system): functional unit
|
Central (Haversian) and perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
Concentric, interstitial, and circumferential lamellae Lacunae and osteocytes (osteoblasts and osteoclasts) |
|
|
|
Osteon (Haversian system): functional unit
|
Central (Haversian) and perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
Concentric, interstitial, and circumferential lamellae Lacunae and osteocytes (osteoblasts and osteoclasts) |
|
|
|
Osteon (Haversian system): functional unit
|
Central (Haversian) and perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
Concentric, interstitial, and circumferential lamellae Lacunae and osteocytes (osteoblasts and osteoclasts) |
|
|
|
Functions of Bones
|
Support
Protection Movement (through joints) Mineral (calcium) storage Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis (blood cell formation) |
|
|
|
Functions of Bones
|
Support
Protection Movement (through joints) Mineral (calcium) storage Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis (blood cell formation) |
|
|
|
Functions of Bones
|
Support
Protection Movement (through joints) Mineral (calcium) storage Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis (blood cell formation) |
|
|
|
Development
of Bones |
Endochondral bone formation
Cartilage calcification Primary ossification center Secondary ossification center |
|
|
|
Development
of Bones |
Endochondral bone formation
Cartilage calcification Primary ossification center Secondary ossification center |
|
|
|
Development
of Bones |
Endochondral bone formation
Cartilage calcification Primary ossification center Secondary ossification center |
|
|
|
Growth of Bones
(3 types) |
1. Epiphyseal
2. Growth in Length 3. Growth in Diameter |
|
|
|
Epiphyseal
|
Growth in cartilage surrounding epiphysis; cartilage ossification; bone remodeled.
|
|
|
|
Growth in Length
|
Interstitial Growth; Cartilage growth in epiphyseal plate; bone remodeled; bone resorption
|
|
|
|
Growth in Diameter
|
Appositionall Growth; Bone resorption and bone addition
|
|
|
|
How many bones in Axial Skeleton?
|
80 bones in total
|
|
|
|
How many bones in Skull?
|
28 bones
|
|
|
|
How many bones in Cranium?
List bones paired vs unpaired... |
8 bones;
Unpaired: frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid Paired: parietal and temporal |
|
|
|
How many bones in Face?
Paired vs unpaired? |
14 bones;
Paired: nasal, maxillary, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae Unpaired: mandible and vomer |
|
|
|
How many bones in Ear ossicles?
|
6 bones;
Malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup) |
|
|
|
Nasal Cavity
|
Nasal bone
Ethmoid ~Perpendicular plate ~Superior and middle nasal conchae Vomer Inferior nasal concha |
|
|
|
Oral Cavity
|
Maxillary bone
Palatine bone Mandible |
|
|
|
Hyoid Bone
|
Only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bones
|
|
|
|
Vertebral Column
|
26 bones in total
Cervical: 7 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5 Sacrum: 1 Coccyx: 1 |
|
|
|
Normal curvatures of Vertebral Column
|
Thoracic: backward
Lumbar: forward |
|
|
|
3 types of Abnormal Spinal Curvatures:
|
Lordosis (swayback)
Kyphosis (hunchback) Scoliosis (lateral curvature) |
|
|
|
Features of Different Vertebrae
Cervical: |
Atlas (C1) and axis (C2)
Transverse foramen |
|
|
|
Features of Different Vertebrae
Thoracic: |
Facet for rib attachment
|
|
|
|
Features of Different Vertebrae
Lumbar |
Massive body
|
|
|
|
Rib Cage
|
25 bones in total
Sternum: 1 Ribs: 24 True ribs>7 pairs False ribs>5 pairs Floating ribs> last 2 pairs |
|
|
|
Appendicular Skeleton
|
126 bones in total
Upper extremity: 64 bones |
|
|
|
Upper Appendicular Skeleton
|
Shoulder (pectoral) girdle: 4 bones
|
|
|
|
Upper Appendicular Skeleton
(Upper) arm: 2 bones |
Humerus
|
|
|
|
Upper Appendicular Skeleton
Forearm: 4 bones |
Radius
Ulna |
|
|
|
Upper Appendicular Skeleton
Hands |
Carpals: 16 bones
Metacarpals: 10 bones Phalanges: 28 bones |
|
|
|
Lower Appendicular Skeleton
|
126 bones in total
Lower extremity: 62 bones |
|
|
|
Lower Appendicular Skeleton
Hip (pelvic) girdle: 2 bones |
Coxal bone (ilium, ischium, and pubis)
|
|
|
|
Lower Appendicular Skeleton
Thigh: 2 bones |
Femur
Patella: 2 bones |
|
|
|
Lower Appendicular Skeleton
(Lower) leg: 4 bones |
Tibia
Fibula |
|
|
|
Lower Appendicular Skeleton
Tarsals |
14 bones
|
|
|
|
Lower Appendicular Skeleton
Metatarsals: |
10 bones
|
|
|
|
Lower Appendicular Skeleton
Phalanges |
28 bones
|
|
|
|
Carpals
|
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
|
|
|
|
Metacarpals
|
1st through 5th
|
|
|
|
Phalanges
|
Proximal, middle, and distal
|
|
|
|
Coxal Bone
Acetabulum: |
Formed by ilium, ischium, and pubis
|
|
|
|
Coxal Bone
Obturator foramen: |
Formed by ischium and pubis
|
|
