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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pelvic girdle composition |
= 2 hip bones (coxal bones or os coxae) and sacrum |
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Functions of pelvic girdle |
Attach lower limbs to axial skeleton with strong ligaments – Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs – Support pelvic organs • Less mobility but more stable than shoulder joint |
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Three fused bones form coxal bone |
– Ilium, ischium, and pubis |
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Bony pelvis = |
coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx |
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Hip Bone • Three regions |
1. Ilium
2. Ischium
3. Pubis • Anterior portion of hip bone • Pubis bones join at pubic symphysis joint |
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Ilium |
• Superior region of coxal bone • Auricular surface articulates with sacrum (sacroiliac joint) |
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Ischium |
• Posteroinferior part of hip bone |
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Pubis |
• Anterior portion of hip bone • Pubis bones join at pubic symphysis joint |
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Female pelvis |
– Adapted for childbearing – True pelvis (inferior to pelvic brim) defines birth canal - Cavity of true pelvis is broad shallow and broad, shallow, has greater capacity |
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Male pelvis |
– Tilted less far forward – Adapted for support of male's heavier build and stronger muscles - Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep |
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The Lower Limb functions |
• Carries entire weight of erect body • Subjected to exceptional forces if jump or run |
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Three segments of lower limb |
– Thigh: femur – Leg: tibia and fibula – Foot: 7 tarsal bones in the ankle, 5 metatarsal bones in the metatarsus, and 14 phalanges in the toes |
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Femur characteristics |
(sole bone of thigh) – Largest and strongest bone in the body – Length ~ ¼ of person's height
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Femur proximal and distal articulations |
–Articulates proximally with acetabulum of hip and - distally with tibia and patella |
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Tibia characteristics and functions |
(“trapped” on inside of leg) – Medial leg bone – Receives weight of body from femur; transmits to foot |
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Fibula characteristics and articulations |
(“free” on outside of leg) ( free – Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur – Several muscles originate from fibula – Articulates proximally and distally with tibia |
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Tibia and fibula connected by : |
interosseous membrane |
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Foot function |
supports body weight & acts as a lever to propel body forward in walking & running |
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form posterior half of foot |
Seven tarsal bones |
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Body weight carried primarily by: |
talus and calcaneus |
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calcaneus: |
point of attachment for calcaneal (Achilles) tendon of the calf muscles |
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Arches Of The Foot composition and function |
• Maintained by interlocking foot bones, ligaments, and tendons • Allow foot to bear weight |
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Three arches of foot |
– Lateral longitudinal – Medial longitudinal – Transverse |
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Fetal Skull characteristics |
• Infant skull has more bones than adult skull – Skull bones such as mandible and frontal bones are unfused – Skull bones connected by fontanelles • Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes • Ease birth and allow brain growth |
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Four fontanelles |
–Anterior, posterior, mastoid, & sphenoidal –Anterior: palpable for 1.5 – 2 years after birth; others replaced by bone by the end of the 1st year |
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Cleft palate |
– No medial fusion of right and left halves of palate |
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Developmental Aspects: Growth Rates |
• At birth, cranium huge relative to face • At 9 months, cranium is ½ adult size • Mandible and maxilla are foreshortened but lengthen with age • Arms and legs grow at faster rate than head and trunk, leading to adult proportions |
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Spinal curvatures obvious at birth: |
Primary thoracic and sacral curvatures obvious at birth – Give spine a C shape – Convex posteriorly |
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Secondary curvatures of spine |
– Cervical and lumbar—convex anteriorly – Appear as child develops (e.g., lifts head, learns to walk) |
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Developmental Aspects: Old Age Intervertebral discs
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• thin, less hydrated, and less elastic – Risk of disc herniation increases • Several centimeter height loss common by 55 • Costal cartilages ossify • All bones lose mass, so fracture risk increases |
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Developmental Aspects: Old Age thorax |
Rigid thorax causes shallow breathing and less efficient gas exchange |
