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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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6 Functions of the Skeletal System
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1) Support Soft Tissue
2) Protect Internal Organs 3) Framework for Skeletal Muscle attachment 4) Hemopoiesis: blood cell production 5) Fat Storage 6) Mineral Storage |
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Axial Skeleton
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Forms long axis of the body
Includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage These bones are involved in protection, support and carrying other body parts |
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Appendicular Skeleton
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Bones of upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder bones and hip bones0 that attach them to the axial skeleton
Involved in locomotion and manipulation of the environment |
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3 Functions of Sinuses
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1) Warm and moisten air
2) Lighten the skull 3) Enchance voice resonance |
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What are the limbs of the Appendicular skeleton
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Fore-Limbs:Humerus, radius/ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
Hind-limbs:femure tibia/fibular, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges |
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What are the Girdles of the Appendeicular Skeleton
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Pectoral Girdle: Scapula, Clavicle
Pelvic Girdle: Illium, ischium, and pubis |
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The illium, ischium, and pubis fuse to form what? This Compound structure is connected by what?
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Os Coxea
Pubic Symphysis |
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Both Compact and spongy bone tissue is composed of what 2 things?
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Organic and inorganic components
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What is made up of organic components?
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35% of the bone tissue; consists of bone cells and organic matrix
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What is made up of inorganic components?
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65% of bone tissue; Calcium Phosphate, Hydroxyapatite are tightly packed in the bone matrix which makes bones hard and rigid, providing resistance to compression
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What is the function of alkaline phosphatase?
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Mineralization/Calcification of Bone Tissue
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Since bones are organs they are composed of multiple types of what?
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Tissue
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Function of Compact Bone
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Dense Outer Layer
Protection and support to resist stress Collagen fibers add strength |
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Function of Spongy Bone
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Creates a Honeycomb of projections called trabeculae
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Compact bone is arranged in units called what that do what?
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Osteon/Harversian
Contain blood , lymph vessels, and nerves that Penetrate the Volkmann's Canals |
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What runs perpendicular to the harversian canal and what is its function?
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Volkmann's canals: They connect the blood and nerve supply in the periosteum to those in the haversian canals and the medullary cavity.
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Osteocytes occuply small cavities called what? What connects these structures to the central canal?
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Lacunae
Canaliculi |
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Canaliculi allow the osteocytes to exchange nutrients, waste, and chemical signals to each other via intercellular connections known as what?
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Gap Junctions
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Spongy bone is composed of a lattice network of what? What is the space between the network called?
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Trabeculae
Red Bone Marrow |
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Why do canalculi connect to adjacent cabities?
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To receive their blood supply
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Why are trabeculae arranged in a lattice network?
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Max Strength
Suppot Stress |
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Name the Long Bones, Short Bones, Flat Bones, Irregular Bone, and Sesamoid?
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LB: Metacarpals/tarsals, phelanges, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula
SB: Carpals, Tarsale FB: Rib, Scapula, Skull, Sternum Irregular Bones: Vertebrae, some facial bones Sesamoid: Patella |
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Shaft of the long bone is known as what and what does it consist of?
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Diaphysis: Thick compact bone surrounding marrow cavity/yellow bone marrow
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Expanded ends of long bones are called what consist of what?
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Epiphyses: Thin layer of compact bone and spongy bone
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Joint surface of each epiphysis is covered with a type of hyaline cartilage known as what and what is it function?
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Articular cartilage: It cushions the bone ends and reduces friction during movement
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What is the Epiphysial Line?
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a line that represents the growth plate occuring durring the growing period
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What is the Periosteum?
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Protective covering of bone that is achored to the bone shaft by collage fibers called Sharpey's fibers forming the fibrous capsule
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What is the Endosteum?
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Osteoblast/clast that make a soft inner lining of the bone
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Bone Marrow
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Blood Cell Factory in the spongy tissue of bones
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Red blood cells, White blood, and Leukmia
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RBC: carry oxygen
WBC: Body's Immune System LK: Cancer of blood, too many white blood cells |
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Bone Marrow
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Blood Cell Factory in the spongy tissue of bones
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Red blood cells, White blood, and Leukmia
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RBC: carry oxygen
WBC: Body's Immune System LK: Cancer of blood, too many white blood cells |
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In a child the medullary cavity is switched from what to what and why?
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Red Bone Marrow to Yellow Bone marrow because in severe anemia it can transform back into red marrow
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In adults red marrow?
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Limited to the axial skeleton, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and proximal heads
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Flat bones are composed of what?
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2 compact layers surround a large layer of spong bone called a diploe, it is an active site for hematopoiesis
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Short bones are what?
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Bones without nedykkary cavity that attach tendons
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What are Irregular bones?
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They have no specific shape
Red bone marrow Site of blood cell production |
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Osteogenesis?
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Formation of bone tissue
-bony skeleton for embroys -bone growth -remodeling and repair |
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Ossification
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Bone formation durring prenatal and postnatal stage
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4, 8, 9 and 10 week old fetus
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4:Skeleton made of fiberous mem. and cartilage
8: Bony skeleton starts to replace previous skeleton 9: Embroyic Cartilage is replaced by Bone tisse 10: Ossification-Templates form bone shape |
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Intramembranous Ossification?
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Development of bone from a fibrous membrane
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Endochondral Ossification?
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Replacement of Hyaline cartialge with bone
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Longitudenial and Appositional Growth?
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LG: growth in length of bone occurs in the epipyseal/cartilage/growth plate durring embryonic and 18-21 years of life
AG: growth in width or thickness of a bone |
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Longitudenial and Appositional Growth?
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LG: growth in length of bone occurs in the epipyseal/cartilage/growth plate durring embryonic and 18-21 years of life
AG: growth in width or thickness of a bone |
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Regulation of Longitudinal Bone Growth?
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Growth Hormone-Somatotropin from pituitary gland
Thyroid hormon and Sex hormon enhance effects |
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Appositional Bone Growth?
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Remodeling
Osteoclast digest bone matrix making the medullary cavity wider Periosteal osteoblast add bone matrix to the diaphysis |
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What happens at the end of the growth period?
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Cartilage plate is replaced by spongy bone creating the epiphyseal line
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Organic Matrix (osteoid)?
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Consists of collagen fibers, proeoglycans and glycoproteins
Tensile Strength Slightly Flexible |
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Bone Remodeling?
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Remodeling Units remodel bone matter that has a lot of mechanical stress
Balance of recycling organic and mineral compenents |
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Bone Repair?
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Fractured bones(reduction) need to be re-aligned at a simple fractures (non-displaced) or compound fractions (displaced)
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Closed and Open Reduction?
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CR:The bone ends are realigned externally
OR: Fracture site is opened up and needs pins and wires to be realigned |
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Proper healing of a fracture depends on whether or not?
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Blood and Cellular compenents of the periosteum/endosteum survive
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Step 1 of Fracture Repair
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INFLAMATION
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Step 2 of Fracture Repair
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Fibroblast transform into Chondroblast that produce a CALLUS
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Step 3 of Fracture Repair
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BONEY CALLUS forms because osteoblast now replace fibrocartilaginous callues by spongy bone tissue
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Step 4 of Fracture Repair
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BONE REMODELING: Remodeling units reshape the bone
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Comminuted, GreenStick, Spiral, and Impacted Fractures
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C: Elderly; break in 3 or more spots
G: Children; break incompletely S: Sport; ragged break by twisting I: Fragment driven into another |
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4 ways to aid Bone Repair
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1) Electrical Stimulation of the fracture site
2) Ultrasound treatment 3) Free Vascular Fiver graft Technique 4) Bone substitutes |
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Hormonal Feed back
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Optimum blood calcium level'
PTH-calcium low-stimulate osteoclast-increase calcium Calcitonin-calcium level high-osteoblast |
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Mechanical feed back
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Bone area stronger and thicker due to a muscle pull
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Wolff's law
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heavy use of bone makes bones heaver and leads to atrophy (bone wasting)
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GH stimulates what and Thyroxine stimulate what?
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GH: protein Synthesis
Thyroxine: Osteoblast |
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Importance of Calcium?
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Homeostatic Control
Optimum Blood Calcium level is 9-11mg/ 100 ml Calcium Phosphate 1g of calcium Per day |
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Fibrous Joints
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Immovable Joints
Synarthroses |
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Cartilaginous Joints
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Slightly Movable Joints
Amphiathroses |
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Synovial Joints
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Freely Movable Joints
Diathroses |
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3 Common Synovial Joints
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Hinge Joints (elbow)
Pivot Joint (atlas) Ball and Socket Joints |
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Knee Joints
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Patellar Ligament;
Cruciate Ligament-Locks bones in place; ACL-tightens and extends knee; PCL-attaches the outer side of the medial condyle of the femur |
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Scurvy
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Loss of bone mass from loss of Vit C
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Osteoprosis?
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Bone reabsorbtion outbace one deposit; bones become lighter and facture easier
Caused by age; dec in estro/testo;lack of exercise; low CA; abnormal Vit D; smoke |
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Pagets?
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Excessive and abnormal bone remodeling
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Rheumatoid Arthritis?
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Autoimmune reaction
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Gouty Arthritis?
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Crystals of uric acid form inside synovial fluid of joints
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Osteomalacia?
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Soft Bones
Caused by a lack of Minerals |
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Rickets?
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Lack of Vit D bending of bones
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Gigantism?
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Caused by a hypersecretion of growth hormone
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Acromegaly?
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Adult Hypersecretion of growth hormone in the hands, face, and feet
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Pituitary Dwarfism?
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GH deficiency in children
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