Ap Ch. 4

Front 1

Cultural landscape

Back 1

The modification of the natural landscape by human activities

Front 2

Cultural geography

Back 2

The transformation of land and the ways that humans interact with the environment (example)

Front 3

Cultural ecology

Back 3

Field that studies the relationship between the natural environment and culture

Front 4

Environmental determinism

Back 4

The belief that the physical environment actively shades cultures, so that human responses are almost completely molded by the environment

Front 5

Environmental perception

Back 5

Emphasize the importance of human perception of the environment, rather than the actual character of the landh

Perception intern, is shaped by the teachings of culture

Front 6

Possibilism vs. Environmental Perception

Back 6

Where is possibilism describes humans as making choices with in the setting of their physical environment, environmental perception emphasize the importance of human perception of the environment, rather than the actual character of the land

Front 7

Possibilism

Back 7

Believe that people make choices based on the opportunities and limitations of the physical environment, but their choices are also guided by cultural heritage

Front 8

Cultural determinism

Back 8

Emphasizes human culture as ultimately more important than physical environment and shaping human actions

Front 9

Material culture

Back 9

Type of culture that includes a wide range of concrete human creations called artifacts, which reflect values beliefs and behavior

Front 10

Non-material culture

Back 10

Type of culture that consists of abstract concepts of values, beliefs, and behaviors

Front 11

Cultural region

Back 11

An area marked by culture that distinguishes it from other regions

Front 12

Cultural trait

Back 12

A single attribute of a culture

Front 13

Cultural complex

Back 13

Consists of common values, believes, behaviors, and artifacts that make a group in the area distinct from others

Front 14

Cultural context formation

Back 14

When cultural traits combined with other cultural traits in a distinctive way

Front 15

Culture system

Back 15

Any area with strong cultural ties that bind it's people together

Front 16

Geographic region

Back 16

When a culture region can represent entire culture system that intertwines with its locational environmental circumstances to form a geographic region

Front 17

Cultural Hearth

Back 17

The areas where is civilizations first began that radiated the customs, innovations, and ideologies that culturally transformed the world

Front 18

Cultural diffusion

Back 18

A process in which cultural hearths were centers for innovation and invention, and their non-material and material culture spread to areas around them

Front 19

Carl Sauer

Back 19

Focus on the process of diffusion

Wrote a book called "agricultural origins and dispersals" in 1952

Front 20

Torsten Hagerstrand

Back 20

Focused on cultural diffusion. Classified diffusion process into two broad categories that are expansion diffusion and relocation diffusion

Front 21

Contagious diffusion

Back 21

We almost all individuals and areas outward from the source of region are affected

Front 22

Time distance decay

Back 22

The influence of the cultural traits weekends as time and distance increase. The rate of this influences diffusion

Front 23

Heirarchical Diffusion

Back 23

Where ideas and artifacts bread first between larger places or prominent people and only liter two smaller places are less prominent people

Front 24

Stimulus diffusion

Back 24

In which a basic idea, though not the specific trait itself, stimulates imitative behavior within a population

Front 25

Migrant diffusion

Back 25

Where the spread of a cultural trait is slow enough that they we can in the area of origin by the time they reach other areas

Front 26

Acculturation

Back 26

Process in which the less dominant culture adopt some of the traits of the more influential one

Front 27

Assimilation

Back 27

Process in which the dominant culture completely absorbs the less dominant one

Front 28

Transculturation

Back 28

A process in which sometimes a two-way flow of culture reflect a more equal exchange of cultural chance

Front 29

Ethnocentrism

Back 29

The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture

Front 30

Cultural relativism

Back 30

Practice of evaluating culture by it's own standards

Front 31

Syncretism

Back 31

Process of the fusion of old and new

Front 32

Cultural transmission

Back 32

Process by which one generation passes closer to the next

Front 33

Linguistic fragmentation

Back 33

Condition in which many languages are spoken, each by relatively small number of people

Front 34

Language families

Back 34

Languages grouped into families with the shared, but very distinct origin

Front 35

Indo-European family

Back 35

These languages are spoken by half of the world's people English is the most widely used one

The distinct origins of the Indo-European family are thought to be in the vicinity of the black sea where speakers of root language dispersed all over Europe and Central Asia, spreading their languages that changed as it diffused, eventually evolving into distinct languages

Front 36

Dialect

Back 36

Subnational skill, dialects may be thought of as regional variant of a standard language

Front 37

Isoglosses

Back 37

Boundaries with in which the words are spoken. Is not a clear line of demarcation, however, with the use of particular words fading as a boundary is approached

Front 38

Pidgin

Back 38

An amalgamation of languages that borrow word from several, a hybrid that serves as a second language for everyone who uses it

Hint 38

G

Front 39

Creole

Back 39

If a pidgin becomes the first language of a group of speakers, who may have lost their former native tongue through disuse, this has evolved

Front 40

Folk culture

Back 40

Did usually practice by small, homogeneous groups living in isolated in rural areas

Front 41

Popular culture

Back 41

Found a large heterogeneous ascites that are bounded by a common culture despite the many differences among the people that share it

Front 42

Taboo

Back 42

A social or religious custom prohibiting or forbidding discussion of a particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person, place, or thing

Front 43

Terrior

Back 43

Complete natural environment in which a particular wine is. Produced, including factors such as a soil, topography, and climate

Front 44

Habit

Back 44

A settled or regular tendency or practice, especially one that is hard to give up

Front 45

Custom

Back 45

A traditional and widely accepted away of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time