A&p Ch. 3 Chemical Basis Of Life

Front 1

matter

Back 1

anything that has mass and occupies space

Front 2

element

Back 2

simple form of matter; a substance that cannot be broken down into 2 or more different substances

Front 3

How many ELEMENTS in the HUMAN body?

Back 3

26

Front 4

compound

Back 4

atoms of 2 or more elements joined to form chemical combinations

Front 5

how many MAJOR ELEMENTS in the Human body? and WHICH ELEMENTS are they?

Back 5

there are 11.

1. oxygen

2. carbon

3. hydrogen

4. nitrogen

5. calcium

6. phosphorus

7. potassium

8. sulfur

9. sodium

10. chlorine

11. magnesium

Front 6

Which 4 ELEMENTS make up 96% of the HUMAN BODY?

Back 6

1. carbon

2. oxygen

3. hydrogen

4. nitrogen

Front 7

how many TRACE ELEMENTS are there? Name them.

Back 7

15

1. silicone

2. aluminum

3. iron

4. manganese

5. fluorine

6. vanadium

7. chromium

8. copper

9. boron

10. cobalt

11. zinc

12. selenium

13. molybdenum

14. tin

15. iodine

Front 8

chemically inert is also known as

Back 8

chemically INACTIVE

Front 9

different version of the same element are ___

Back 9

isotopes

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ISOTOPES of an element contain the SAME ___ _ ___ but DIFFERENT ___ __ ___ (LIKE A MOTHER TO A CHILD)

Back 10

number of protons, number of neutrons

Front 11

An atom with 8 electrons, or 4 pairs, in the outermost energy level is chemically ___

Back 11

inert

Front 12

isotopes have the same atomic number and therefore the ___ ___ ___ ___ as any other atom of the same element, but they have a different atomic weight

Back 12

same basic chemical properties

Front 13

2 types of ways a molecule unite atoms to create CHEMICAL BONDS?

Back 13

1. Ionic bond

2. covalent bond

Front 14

IONIC BOND is formed by ___

Back 14

TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS - an ionic bonding

Front 15

COVALENT BOND

Back 15

SHARING ELECTRON (shared by two elements)

Front 16

what does chemical bonds:

1. need?

2. do not do?

3. why is it weak?

Back 16

1. needs HYDROGEN TO BOND

2. do not form NEW MOLECULES

3. weak because it CAN BE SEPARATED. results from unequal charge distribution on molecule

Front 17

HYDROGEN BOND is much ___ than ionic or covalent bonds

Back 17

weaker

Front 18

what are the 3 BASIC TYPES of CHEMICAL REACTIONS involved in PHYSIOLOGY?

Back 18

1. SYNTHESIS reaction (ex. A + B -> AB)

2. DECOMPOSITION reaction (ex. AB -> A + B)

3. EXCHANGE reaction (ex. AB + CD -> AD + CB)

EX. of 123 (A + B -> AB -> A + B)

Front 19

SYNTHESIS reaction is a

Back 19

COMBINATION of 2 or more substances to form a more COMPLEX substance; FORMATION of NEW chemical bonds: A + B -> AB

Front 20

DECOMPOSITION reaction

Back 20

BREAKDOWN of a substance into 2 or more SIMPLER substaces; BREAKING of chemical bonds: AB -> A + B

Front 21

EXCHANGE reaction

Back 21

DECOMPOSITION of 2 substances EXCHANGE, sysnthesis of 2 NEW COMPOUNDS form from them

Front 22

Hydrolysis breaks down with ___

Back 22

with addition of H2O

Front 23

hydrolysis is a

Back 23

common catabolic reaction

Front 24

energy levels

Back 24

- total number of electrons in an atom equals the number of protons in the nucleus ( in a stable atom)

- electrons form a "cloud" around the nucleus

Front 25

ENERGY LEVELS of an atom are called ___ within an atom

Back 25

SHELLS

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INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Back 26

are SYNTHESIZED or MANUFACTURED (made).

Front 27

ORGANIC MOLECULES

Back 27

are ORIGINAL or PURE (fertilizer not used).

Front 28

what are the properties of WATER ?

Back 28

Polarity, High specific heat, and High heat of evaporation

Front 29

POLARITY

Back 29

allows water to ACT AS AN EFFECTIVE SOLVENT; ionizes substances in solution

Front 30

HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT

Back 30

water can lose and gain large amounts of heat with little change in its own temperature; enables the body to maintain a relatively constant temperature

Front 31

HIGH HEAT OF VAOPRIZATION

Back 31

water requires the absoption of significant amount of haat to change it from a liquid to a gas; allows the body to sissipate excess heat

Front 32

ELECTROLYTE

Back 32

OS A SUBSTANCE THAT PRODUCES A ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVITY SOLUTION WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER

Front 33

name ELECTROLYTES in the body

Back 33

1. sodium

2. potassium

3. calcium

4. bicarbonate

5. magnesium

6. chloride

7. hydrogen phosphate

8. hydrogen carbonate

Front 34

what doe pH stand for?

Back 34

power of hydrogen

Front 35

lithmus

Back 35

is a pH test to determine presence of acidity

Front 36

acids

Back 36

- any substance that releases a HYDROGEN ION (H+) when in solution; "proton donor"

Front 37

bases (also known as ALKALINE)

Back 37

- electrolytes that dissociate to yield HYDROXIDE IONS (OH-) or other electrolytes that combine with H+.

- described as "PROTON ACCEPTORS"

Front 38

pH LEVELS

Back 38

< 7 (3-1)- indicates acidity

7 - indicated neutrality

>7 (10-12)- indicates alkalinity

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buffers

Back 39

DONATE OR REMOVE

ACT AS A "RESERVOIR" ( HOMEOSTASIS CONTROLLER ) for hydrogen ions

Front 40

salts

Back 40

- compound that reults from chemical interation of an acid and a base

- reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water is called a neurtalization reaction

Front 41

what are the most important 3 SUBATOMIC PARTICLES in a ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Back 41

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Front 42

protons

Back 42

are positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus

Front 43

neutrons

Back 43

neutral subatomic particles

Front 44

electrons

Back 44

negatively charged subatomic particlesfound in the electron cloud

Front 45

atomic weight

Back 45

is the mass of a single atom

Front 46

The concept of the atom was proposed by the english chemist

Back 46

john dalton

Front 47

an ATOMIC NUMBER is __

Back 47

the NUMBER of PROTONS in an ATOMS NUCLEUS

Front 48

the atomic number identifies the kind of ___

Back 48

Element

Front 49

an ATOMIC WEIGHT is equal to the NUMBER of ___, PLUS the NUMBER of ___ in the ___

Back 49

Protons, Neutrons, Nucleus

Front 50

OCTET RULE

Back 50

an atoms outer most shell can only hold 8 ELECTRONS

Front 51

what happens if an atoms outer shell holds less or more than 8 electrons?

Back 51

the atom will attempt to lose, gain, or share electrons with other atoms to achieve stability

Front 52

HYDROLYSIS is a common catabolic reaction.

Back 52

it is a chemical reaction that breaks down complex compounds into simpler ones and release energy

Front 53

what type of energy is released from CATABOLISM?

Back 53

more than half the energy release is transferred into ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)

Front 54

ANABOLISM

Back 54

chemical reaction that join simple molecules together to form more complex molecules

Front 55

chemical reaction responsible for ANABOLISM is

Back 55

dehydration synthesis

Front 56

DEHYDRATION SYSNTHESIS

Back 56

water is removed (dehydration) to use molecules

Front 57

ANABOLISM needs ___ for energy

Back 57

ATP

Front 58

Carbohydrates are___

Back 58

organic compounds containing CARBON, HYDROGEN, and OXYGEN. commonly called sugars and starches

Front 59

what are the 3 types of carbohyrates?

Back 59

1. monosaccharides

2. disaccharides

3. polysaccharides

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monosaccharides

Back 60

simple sugars

Front 61

disaccharides are

Back 61

are 2 simple sugars bonded together through a synthesis reaction

Front 62

polysaccharides are

Back 62

are multiple simple sugars bonded together through a synthesis reaction

Front 63

what are the 4 major roles of LIPIDS?

Back 63

1. energy source

2. structural role

3. protects vital organs

4. insulator material for nerves

Front 64

Triglycerides are

Back 64

Fats

Front 65

TRIGLYCERIDES are most ___ ___ and most ___ ___ _ ___

Back 65

abundant lipids, concentrated source of energy

Front 66

the building blocks of TRIGLYCERIDE are ___ and ___

Back 66

glycerol, fatty acids

Front 67

PHOSPHOLIPIDS are similar to ___

Back 67

triglycerides

Front 68

One end of the PHOSPHOLIPID is ___ soluble, the other end is ___ soluble

Back 68

water, fat

Front 69

PHOSPHOLIPIDS can join ___ ___ ___ ___

Back 69

2 different chemical environments

Front 70

PHOSPHOLIPIDS may form double layers called ___ that make up cell membranes

Back 70

Bilayers

Front 71

what are the 2 functions of STEROIDS?

Back 71

1. stabalize cell structure

2. Is required for many reactions that cells must perform to survive

(ex. cholesterol)

Front 72

PROTEINS are the abundant ___ ___

Back 72

organic compounds

Front 73

what are the building blocks of PROTEINS?

Back 73

amino acids

Front 74

essential AMINO ACIDS -

Back 74

8 amino acids that cannot be produced by the human body MUST BE INCLUDED IN THE DIET

Front 75

what are the 7 MAJOR functions of the human PROTEIN COMPOUNDS

Back 75

1. provides structure

2. catalyze chemical reactions

3. transport substances in blood

4. communicate information to cells

5. act as receptors

6. defend body against many harmful agents

7. provide engergy

Front 76

what are the 5 SHAPES of PROTEIN

Back 76

1. immunoglobulin

2. collagen

3. chymotrypsin

4. DNA polymerase

5. troponin

Front 77

what are the 2 Nucleic acids

Back 77

1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Front 78

DNA functions as ___

Back 78

the molecule heredity

Front 79

some RNA molecules are

Back 79

Temporary copies for protein synthesis

Front 80

ATP is USED to

Back 80

do the bodys work

Front 81

ATP is often called the

Back 81

energy currency of cells

Front 82

ATP is split into ___ and an ___

Back 82

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP), inorganic phosphate group by a special enzyme

Front 83

if ATP is depleted duing prolonged exercise, ___ ___ or ___ can be used for energy

Back 83

creatine phosphate, ADP