Ap - Ch 28 - Reproductive System

Front 1

Reproductive organs are divided into what 3 groups? What is each fn?

Back 1

Gonads/sexual glands (produce gametes, secrete hormones). Ducts (transport, receive, store gametes). Accessory sex glands (produce materials that support gametes).

Front 2

What are the female reproductive organs?

Back 2

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina & external genitalia, mammary glands.

Front 3

Ligament that attaches broad ligament to pelvis wall.

Back 3

Broad ligament

Front 4

What are the 4 ovarian ligaments?

Back 4

ROMS - round (ovary-inguinal canal), ovarian (ovary-uterus), mesovarium(ovary-broad lig), suspensory(ovary-BVs).

Front 5

Simple epithelium covering ovary.

Back 5

Germinal epithelium

Front 6

Capsule of dense CT of ovary.

Back 6

Tunica albuginea

Front 7

Where are ovarian follicles found and what do they contain?

Back 7

Cortex. Oocytes.

Front 8

Large fluid filled follicle that expels secondary oocytes.

Back 8

Mature (graafian) follicle

Front 9

What is corpus luteum? What hormones does it produce? What does it become?

Back 9

Remnant of ovulated follicle. Progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, inhibin. Degenerates to corpus albicans.

Front 10

What does the ovarian medulla contain?

Back 10

CT, BVs, lymph vessels, nerves.

Front 11

Clear area b/w oocyte & granulosa cells.

Back 11

Zona pellucida

Front 12

Granulosa cells attached to Zona pellucida.

Back 12

Corona radiata

Front 13

Primary Oocytes stop in what stage of meiosis 1 during fetal period?

Back 13

Prophase

Front 14

When does meiosis 1 start and end?

Back 14

Starts during fetal development. Completes at puberty.

Front 15

When does meiosis 2 resume?

Back 15

After fertilization

Front 16

Open, funnel-shaped portion near ovary of uterine tubes.

Back 16

Infundibulum

Front 17

Moving finger like processes of uterine.

Back 17

Fimbriae

Front 18

Central region of uterine tube.

Back 18

Ampulla

Front 19

Narrowest portion of uterine tube joining uterus.

Back 19

Isthmus

Front 20

What are the 3 layers of the uterine tube?

Back 20

Mucosa (ciliated columnar epithelium), muscularis, serosa

Front 21

Fertilization usually occurs where?

Back 21

Ampulla of uterine tubes

Front 22

Zygote usually takes how long to reach uterus?

Back 22

7 days

Front 23

What are 4 fns of the uterus?

Back 23

Sperm transport, menstruation, ovum implantation, fetus development

Front 24

What are the 3 layers or the uterus?

Back 24

Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

Front 25

What are the 2 layers of the endometrium?

Back 25

Stratum functionalis (shed during menstruation). Stratum basalis (replaces stratum functionalis each month).

Front 26

Difference b/w partial, complete, radical hysterectomy.

Back 26

Partial - uterus removed. Complete - cervix removed. Radical - uterus, tubes, ovaries, part of vagina, pelvic lymph nodes, ligaments.

Front 27

How does cervix and mucus help sperm?

Back 27

Fn as sperm reservoir, protects sperm from environment & phagocytes, supplies energy to sperm, role in capacitation.

Front 28

List fns of vagina.

Back 28

Passage for sperm, menstrual flow, receives penis, lower part of birth canal.

Front 29

What are the 3 layers of the vagina? Fn of first layer?

Back 29

Mucosal - glycogen breakdown to produce acidic pH. Muscularis, adventitia.

Front 30

Vagina lies b/w what 2 structures?

Back 30

Bladder, rectum

Front 31

Vascularized mucus membrane that partially covers vaginal orifice.

Back 31

Hymen

Front 32

External genitalia of female.

Back 32

Vulva/pudendum

Front 33

Fat pad over pubic symphysis

Back 33

Mons pubis

Front 34

Skin folds of vulva encircling vestibule.

Back 34

Labia majora & minora

Front 35

Small mass of erectile tissue in female.

Back 35

Clitoris

Front 36

Masses of erectile tissue just deep to labia on each side of vaginal orifice.

Back 36

Bulb of vestibule

Front 37

What are the boundaries of the perineum?

Back 37

Pubic symphysis, coccyx, ischial tuberosities

Front 38

Which triangle contains external genitals vs anus.

Back 38

Urogenital. Anal.

Front 39

Mammary glands are modified ___ glands that lie over what 2 mm?

Back 39

Sudoriferous. Pec major, Serratus anterior.

Front 40

Milk secreting cells are ___.

Back 40

Alveoli

Front 41

What is fibrocystic disease? Cause?

Back 41

Breast cysts due to thickening of alveoli. Caused by hormonal imbalance. Excess estrogen or progesterone deficiency in postovulatory phase. Lumpy, swollen, tender breasts week before menstruation.

Front 42

What structures control monthly hormone cycle?

Back 42

Ant pituitary (FSH, LH), hypothalamus (gnRH), ovary

Front 43

What is the fn of estrogen? What hormones/structures stimulate it's release? What hormones does it inhibit?

Back 43

2nd sex characteristics, increase protein anabolism (builds bone), decreases blood cholesterol. Released by FSH, LH > follicle, corpus luteum.

Front 44

What is the fn of progesterone? What hormones/structures stimulate it's release? What hormones does it inhibit?

Back 44

Works w/ estrogen to prep endometrium, preps mammary glands. LH > corpus luteum. Inhibits GnRH, LH.

Front 45

What is the fn of relaxin? What hormones/structures stimulate it's release?

Back 45

Decreases uterus contractions, increases pubic symphysis flexibility, dilates cervix. LH > corpus luteum.

Front 46

What is the fn of inhibin? What hormones/structures stimulate it's release?

Back 46

Inhibits FSH, LH. FSH, LH > follicles, corpus luteum.

Front 47

What occurs during the menstrual phase and on what days of cycle does it occur?

Back 47

Day 1-5. Follicular phase - mature follicle develops which releases estrogen, inhibin. This decreases FSH, increases LH. Proliferative phase - increase estrogen repairs stratum functionalis.

Front 48

Condition where there is no menstruation.

Back 48

Amenorrhea

Front 49

Condition of extremely painful menstruation.

Back 49

Dysmenorrhea

Front 50

What is considered abnormal uterine bleeding?

Back 50

Excess amount/duration, intermenstrual

Front 51

What occurs during the preovulatory phase and on what days of cycle does it occur? Follicular & proliferative phase.

Back 51

Day 6-13. Follicular - mature follicle develops & secretes estrogen, inhibin = decrease FSH, LH. Proliferative - increase estrogen = stratum functionalis repaired.

Front 52

What is the female athlete triad?

Back 52

Amenorrhea, disordered eating, premature osteporosis

Front 53

What occurs during ovulation & on what day of cycle does it occur?

Back 53

Day 14. Increased LH causes rupture/release of 2nd oocyte. Corpus hemorrhagicum converts to corpus luteum which secretes estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, inhibin.

Front 54

What are 4 signs of ovulation?

Back 54

Increased basal temp, cervical mucus changes, cervix softens, mittelschmerz (ovary rupture pain)

Front 55

What occurs during the postovulatory phase and on what days of cycle does it occur? Luteal & secretory phase.

Back 55

Day 15-28. Luteal - corpus luteum secretes estrogen/progesterone = preps endometrium. Secretes inhibin = decreased FSH, LH. Secretory - endometrium thickens (increased glands, BVs). Fertilization can occur.

Front 56

What occurs during fertilization?

Back 56

Embryo released human chorionic gonadotropin which maintains corpus luteum & its hormones.

Front 57

What happens if fertilization doesn't occur?

Back 57

Corpus luteum survives for 2 wks before hormones decrease which causes increase in GnRH, LH, FSH. Menses starts & corpus albicans forms.