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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kidneys maintain homeostasis by: |
1. regulates ion concentration (K, Na, Ca, Cl) 2. regulates pH balance by excreting H+ and keeping HCO3- (bicarb ) 3. regulates blood volume (BP) |
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facts about blood flow into kidneys
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- blood flow regulated by the sympathetic division of the ANS (via vasomotor control) |
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osmolarity |
# of particles dissolved per liter of solute high osmolarity = high solutes |
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job of the nephron |
filtration: remove substances from the blood (GFR) re-absorption: determine waste vs. what needs to be returned to the blood secretion: discard waste from it's on cells |
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vascular site of filtration
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(high pressure systemic capillary bed) |
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vascular site of reabsorption
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vasa recta (juxtamedullary nephron) -OR- peritubular capillaries (cortical nephron) |
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tubular re-absorption
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nephron returns important substances to the systemic blood occurs in the renal tubule and peritubular capillaries |
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tubular secretion
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nephrons own cell delivers waste to urine to be excreted |
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Renal tubule consists of....
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Loop of Henle descending & ascending limbs DCT - macula densa cells; part of juxtamedullary apparatus collecting duct - shared |
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blood flow through kidneys
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in thorough arteries: out through veins: interlobular v. -- arcuate v. -- interlobar v. -- renal v. |
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Bowman's capsule |
made of cells called podocytes, which are thin, squamous type cells with foot like processes called pedicles capsular space - site of filtrate collection parietal portion - outer wall of capsule |
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Filtration membranes
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glomerulus: - fenestrations - basil lamina (basement membrane) Bowman's capsule - filtration slits (gaps between pedicles of neighboring podocytes) |
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Glomerular Filtration Rate
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water and most of the solutes in the blood plasma are filtered out of the blood at Bowman's capsule |
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Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (GBHP) |
pressure in the glomerular capillaries pushes outward promotes filtrate to move out of blood and into Bowman's capsule |
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Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)
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opposes filtration (10 mmHg) pressure exerted on the glomerular capillary walls due to filtrate already present in Bowman's capsule filtrate pushes inward on the capillary walls |
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Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP) |
opposes filtration (30 mmHg) presence of plasma proteins creates an osmotic pull inward on the capillaries |
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Regulation of GFR
(3 types) |
a. myogenic mechanism b. tubuloglomerular mechanism 2. neural regulation 3. hormonal regulation |
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Regulation of GFR: Renal Autoregulation |
vasoconstriction or dialation in response to a change in BP 1. myogenic mechanism 2. tubuloglomerular mechanism |
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myogenic mechanism |
stimulus: increased BP response: afferent arteriole constricts to keep renal flow and GFR stable stimulus: decreased BP response: afferent arteriole dialates to keep renal flow and GFR stable |
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tubuloglomerular mechanism
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stimulus: increased filtrate flow past the macula densa cells in the nephron response: less production of NO by the macula densa cells triggering afferent arteriole to constrict and slow GFR keeping it stable |
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regulation of GFR:
neural regulation |
sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction when released, which decreases GFR
"fight or flight" |
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cellular extensions on cuboidal cells which aid in reabsorption
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microvilli |
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neurotransmitter which produces vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole |
norepinepherine |
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pressure which opposes filtration |
Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP) |
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pressure which favors filtration |
Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (GBHP) |
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rate at which filtrate is formed |
GFR |
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in this mechanism less NO is released by macula densa to help slow filtration |
tubuloglomerular mechanism |
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renal response to stretch felt at the glomerular capillaries to slow filtration |
myogenic mechanism |
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hormone which promotes water retention at the kidney |
ADH |
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hormone which promotes sodium excretion by the kidneys |
ANP |
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hormone which promotes vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole and stimulation of the adrenal glands production of aldosterone |
Antiotension II |
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site of renal filtration |
renal corpuscle |
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vascular site of tubular re-absorption
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peritubular capillaries |
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nephron tubule responsible for the majority of re-absorption |
PCT |
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when you are dehydrated your urine osmolarity is high or low? |
high |
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individuals with diabetes insipidus will secrete a urine with a high or low osmolarity? |
low |
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a dilute urine has high or low osmolarity? |
low |
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a concentrated urine has high or low osmolarity? |
high |
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the renal medulla has a high or low osmloarity?
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the renal cortex has a high or low osmolarity? |
low |
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storage site for urine |
urinary bladder
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location of juxtaglomerular cells |
afferent arteriole |
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location of macula densa cells
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DCT |
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location of sodium symport |
PCT |
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region of tubule that the vasa recta surrounds |
loop of Henle |
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vascular site of filtration |
glomerulus |
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part of nephron to first receive filtrate from the blood |
Bowman's capsule |
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vessels which run within the renal columns |
interlobar |
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vessels which extend into the renal cortex |
interlobular |
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vessel leading into the peritubular capillary bet |
efferent arterioles |
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___ can leave the descending limb of Henle for reabsorption |
water |
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the _____ branch of the nervous system will respond to drops in systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg by triggering _____ of the afferent arteriole. |
sympathetic vasoconstriction |
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glycosuria
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indicates high levels of glucose in the blood, possibly caused by: - carbo cram - diabetes |
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albuminuria
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indicates a problem with the glomerular membrane possibly caused by: - excess exercise, major protein consumption, kidney trauma, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, poison |
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ketonuria |
- dueting, starvation, excessive exercise, diabetes |
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hematuria |
- kidney stones, tumor, infection, menstration, trauma |
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hemoglobinuria
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- kidney disease, trauma, burns, poison bites, menstration, hemolytic anemia, transfusion reaction |
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bilirubinuria
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- liver disease, gallstones, bile duct blockage |
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pyuria |
presence of WBC in the urine, usually seen with infection or inflammation in the urinary system |
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nitrates |
found with bacterial infections from gram negative rods, such as E. coli |
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stress incontinence |
occurs from weak pelvic floor muscles; any added pressure can cause leakage |
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urge incontinence
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urge to urinate, then loss of control |
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overflow incontinence |
overfull bladder
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functional incontinence |
result of conditions that prevent individual from reaching a toilet in time |
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most abundant ICF ions |
potassium phosphates proteins |
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most abundant ECF cation (+)
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sodium (Na+) |
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most abundant ECT anion (-)
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chloride (Cl-)
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most abundant intracellular cation (+) |
potassium (K+)
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acidosis |
low blood pH
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alkalosis |
high blood pH |
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Regulation of GFR: Hormonal regulation |
1. Angiotension II - vasoconstrictor 2. ANP - raises GFR by causing glomerular cells to relax increasing surface area for filtration |
