A&p Ch. 18

Front 1

circulatory system

Back 1

heart, blood vessels, and blood; transports substances from place to place in the blood

Front 2

cardiovascular system

Back 2

only heart and blood vessels

Front 3

white blood cells

Back 3

destroy microorganisms and cancer cells

Front 4

anitbodies and other blood proteins do what?

Back 4

neutralize toxins and help destroy proteins

Front 5

platelets secrete what

Back 5

factors that initiate blood clotting

Front 6

plasma

Back 6

clear, extracellular matrix, no longer present on prepared slides of blood

Front 7

formed elements

Back 7

make up blood, are visible

Front 8

7 kinds of formed elements

Back 8

erthrocytes, platelets, and 5 kinds of leukocytes

Front 9

5 leukocytes are divided into what 2 categories

Back 9

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Front 10

serum

Back 10

essentially identical to plasma except for the absence of the clotting protein fibrinogen

Front 11

3 major categories of protein are

Back 11

albumin, globulin, fibrogen

Front 12

albumin

Back 12

smallest and most abundent plasma membrane, transports various plasma solutes and buffer the pH of the blood plasma; makes a major contribution to viscosity and osmolarity of blood

Front 13

globulin

Back 13

divided into 3 subclasses, from smallest to largest in molecular weight, they are alpha, beta, and gamma; play roles in solute transport, clotting, and immunity

Front 14

fibrinogen

Back 14

soluble precursor of fibrin, a sticky protein that forms the framework of a blood clot

Front 15

the ___ produces most of the plasma protein

Back 15

liver

Front 16

all gamma globulins come from ____

Back 16

plasma cells

Front 17

nitrogen wastes

Back 17

toxic end products of catabolism; normally excreted by the kidneys

Front 18

_____ is more important than any other solute for the osmolarity of the blood

Back 18

sodium

Front 19

people with ___ blood pressure should limit their sodium intake

Back 19

high

Front 20

viscosity

Back 20

resistance of a fluid to flow

Front 21

osmolarity

Back 21

total molarity of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall

Front 22

describe what will happen if the osmolarity of the blood is too high

Back 22

the bloodstream absorbs too much water which raises the blood volume resulting in an elevated blood pressure and a potentionally dangerous strain on the heart and arteries

Front 23

if osmolarity drops too low

Back 23

too much water remains in the tissue and they become swollen and the blood pressure may drop dangerously low bc of the amount of water lost from the bloodstream

Front 24

hemopoiesis

Back 24

production of blood

Front 25

hemopoiesis tisues

Back 25

tussues that produce blood cells

Front 26

myeloid

Back 26

blood formation in the bone marrow

Front 27

lymphoid hemopoiesis

Back 27

blood formation in the lymphatic organs

Front 28

PPSC

Back 28

have the potential to develop into mulitiple mature cell types; multiply at a relatively slow rate and thus maintain a small population in the bone marrow

Front 29

erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs) have 2 main functions:

Back 29

1. pick up oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to tissues elsewhere, 2. pick up carbon dioxide from the tissues and unload them into the lungs

Front 30

most abundant formed element of blood?

Back 30

RBCs

Front 31

RBCs rely on ____ to produce ATP

Back 31

anaerobic fermentation

Front 32

RBS are incapable of ____ & ____

Back 32

protein synthesis, mitosis

Front 33

hematocrit

Back 33

packed cell volume PCV, is the percentage of the whole blood volume compound of RBCs

Front 34

3 physiological reasons for why the values of the measurements hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and RBC count are lower in women than men

Back 34

1. androgens stimulates RBC production and men have higher androgen levels, 2. women of reproductive age have periodic menstrual losses, 3. the hematocrit is inversely proportional to percent body fat which is higher in women

Front 35

rythropoieses

Back 35

erythrocyte production; normally takes 3-5 days; 4 steps, reduction in cells size, increase in cell number, sunthesis of hemoglobin, and loss of the nucleus and most other organelles

Front 36

hypoxemia

Back 36

when the blood carries less oxygen bc RBC count drops

Front 37

many RBCs die in the ____

Back 37

spleen

Front 38

hemolysis

Back 38

rupture of RBCs; releases hemoglobin and leaves empty plasma membranes

Front 39

primary polycythemia

Back 39

due to cancer of the erythropoietic line of the red blood marrow

Front 40

principle dangers of polycythemia are?

Back 40

increased blood pressure, volume, and viscosity

Front 41

3 causes of anemia

Back 41

inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis, hemorrhagic anemia from bleeding, and hemolytic anemia from RBC destruction

Front 42

anemia

Back 42

often results from kidney failure

Front 43

nutritional anemia results from a _________

Back 43

dietary deficiency; iron deficiency

Front 44

pernicious anemia results from ___

Back 44

deficiency of vitamin B12; common in vegetarians

Front 45

3 consequences of anemia:

Back 45

individual is lethargic and becomes short of breath upon physical exertion; blood osmolarity is reduced; blood viscosity is reduced

Front 46

leukoctyes (white blood cells WBCs) are the _____ abundant formed elements

Back 46

least; provide protection against infectious microorganisms

Front 47

3 types of granulocytes

Back 47

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Front 48

2 types of agranulocytes

Back 48

lymphocytes, monocytes

Front 49

neutrophils

Back 49

most abundant WBCs

Front 50

eosiniphils

Back 50

only 2-4% of the WBC total; rises in allergies, parasitic infections, collagen diseases, and diseases of the spleen and CNS

Front 51

basophils

Back 51

rarest of the WBCs

Front 52

lymphocytes

Back 52

second to neutrophils in abundance and are thus quickly spotted

Front 53

monocytes

Back 53

largest WBCs

Front 54

leukopoiesis

Back 54

production of white blood cells

Front 55

blood is a ___ tissue

Back 55

connective

Front 56

normal hematocrit for females:

Back 56

35-45%

Front 57

normal hematocrit for males

Back 57

40-54%

Front 58

RBCs:
shape:
life span:
function:

Back 58

discoid
120 days
carry O2 and CO2

Front 59

___ is the pigmented protein that carries oxyen

Back 59

Hb

Front 60

erythropoiesis takes ___ days

Back 60

3-6

Front 61

___ is platelet production

Back 61

thrombopoiesis

Front 62

platelets have a life span of ___ days

Back 62

10

Front 63

3 phases of hemostasis

Back 63

vascular phase, platelet plug, coagulation phase

Front 64

Thromboxane A2 is produced by ___ ____

Back 64

activated platelets

Hint 64

major component of blood clots

Front 65

platelet plug phase:

Back 65

activated platelets release serotonin which produces vascular spasms. ADP makes platelets sticky. thromboxane A2 promotes platelet aggregation, degranulation, and vasoconstriction

Front 66

___ is formed through the coagulatino phase of hemostasis

Back 66

fibrin

Front 67

intrinsic pathways occur whenever the ___ is ruptured

Back 67

endothelium

Front 68

extinsic pathways occur when there is ___ trauma

Back 68

tissue

Front 69

prothrombinase is formed in ___ minutes

Back 69

3-6

Front 70

prothrombinase converts prothrombin to ___ in ___ seconds

Back 70

thrombin, 5-10

Front 71

thrombin joins ___ molecules in a ___ ___ in about ___ seconds

Back 71

fibrinogen, fibrin mesh, 5-10

Front 72

clot formation invloves a ___ feedback system

Back 72

positive

Front 73

fibinolysis prevents ___ of vessels

Back 73

occlusion (closing)

Front 74

___ prevents thromin formation

Back 74

Heparin

Front 75

___ inhibits the formation of vitamin K dependent clotting factors

Back 75

warfarin

Front 76

bruises are __

Back 76

clots

Front 77

___ eventually dissolves the blood clot

Back 77

plasmin

Front 78

hemophilia A is a lack of factor ___

Back 78

VIII

Front 79

hemophilia B is a lack of factor ___

Back 79

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