A&p Ch 15,16,18

Front 1

somatic nervous system (SNS)

Back 1

conscious control
skeletal muscles

Front 2

Autonomic Nervous system (ANS)

Back 2

without conscious instruction
controls visceral effectors
coordinates: cardio, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

Front 3

two divisions of ANS

Back 3

sympathetic
Parasympathetic

Front 4

sympathetic

Back 4

- increased alartness, metobolic rate and muscular abilities
only in emergencies

Front 5

parasympathetic

Back 5

reduces metabolic rate and promotes digestion
works during resting

Front 6

fibers of Sympathetic Division

Back 6

Preganglionic- thorasic and superior lumbar. Short
Postganglionic- long, produces fight or flight response

Front 7

Seven responses to increased sympathetic activity

Back 7

inc. mental alertness
-inc. metabolic rate
-red. digestive and urinary functions
-reserve energy
-inc. resp rate and dialate
-inc. hr and bp
-activate sweat glands

Front 8

parasympathetic division fibers

Back 8

Preganglionic fibers- brain stem and sacral segments (long)
Postganglionic- short, synapse close to target organs

Front 9

parasympathetic division responses

Back 9

rest and digest
-conserve energy
-decr. met. rate, hr, and bp
-incr salivary and dig. glands secretion, motility and flood flow in dig. tract
-stim. urinary and defecation

Front 10

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

Back 10

third division of ANS
-extensive network in digestive tract walls

Front 11

Suprarenal (adrenal) medullae

Back 11

short axons, release neurotransmitters into bloodstream, function as hormones to target cells thru-out body, secretes epinephrine and norepiniphrine into blood

Front 12

Sympathetic activation

Back 12

changes activities of tissues and organs by releasing NE which:
-target specific affectors: smooth muscle fibers in blood vessels and skin

Front 13

stimulation of sympathetic preganglionic neurons

Back 13

releases ACh at synapses with ganglionic neurons-> excitatory response

Front 14

postganglionic neuron neurotransmitters

Back 14

release NE at specific target organs

Front 15

Sympathetic stim. and the release of NE and E
2 types of adrenergic membrane receptors

Back 15

primarily from interactions of NE and E
-alpha
-beta

Front 16

Alpha-1

Back 16

more common
smooth muscle
relax intestines, contract vasculature, iris, urinary sphincter

Front 17

Alpha-2

Back 17

mostly in brain
coordinate symp. and parasymp. activities

Front 18

Beta-1

Back 18

incr. metabolic activity
found in heart: faster & harder

hint: 1 heart, beta 1

Front 19

Beta-2

Back 19

Bronchodialation
found in lungs: takes in more O2

hint: 2 lungs

Front 20

parasymp. nuclei

Back 20

in brainstem
CN 3,7,9,10- Memorize
lat. gray horns

Front 21

COPS synapses

Back 21

ciliary
otic
pterygopalatine
submandibular

Front 22

Vagus nerve

Back 22

provides pregang. parasymp. innervation to: neck, thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

Front 23

Sacral segments of spinal cord

Back 23

do not join ventral roots of spinal nerves, form pelvic nerves
-innervate kidneys, urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and sex organs

Front 24

parasymp. activation

Back 24

centers on relaxation, food processing, and energy absorption

Front 25

effects of parasymp. division

Back 25

constriction of pupils
secretion of digestive glands
secretion of hormones
changes in blood flow and glandular activity

Front 26

parasymp. neurotransmitter & 2 receptors

Back 26

uses ACh at target
-nicotinic receptors-excitatory- on skeletal muscles, not part of para.
-muscarinic receptors at target (heart, gut) excitatory or inhibitory

Front 27

Dual innervation

Back 27

When both sympathetic and parasymp. act on the same organ/system
-Para. dominates under resting conditions

Front 28

Dual innervation and heart

Back 28

para- postgang. releases ACh: slows heart rate
symp.- NE releases varicosities that accelerate heart rate
continuous use of both neurot.

Front 29

Endocrine System functions

Back 29

Regulates long-term processes
-growth
-development
-reproduction

Front 30

Endocrine reflexes

Back 30

controlled by negative feedback
stimulus triggers production hormone whose effects reduce intensity of stim.

Front 31

three mechanisms (hormones) of hypothalamic control

Back 31

produces regulatory hormone, antidiaretic, symp stim. of adrenal medulla-> epinephrine hormone

Front 32

2 parts of pituitary gland

Back 32

Anterior- secretes adinohypophysis, under hypothalamic control
Posterior- neurohypophysis, axons from hypothalamus secrete directly into blood supply

Front 33

Portal vessels

Back 33

blood vessels that link two capillary networks
Entire complex is portal system so that they can reach intended target

Front 34

two classes of regulatory hormone (pituitary gland)

Back 34

Releasing Hormone (RH)- stim. & secretion of 1 or more hormones at ant. lobe
Inhibiting hormones (IH)- prevent synthesis and secretion

Front 35

Hormones of the adenohypophysis

Back 35

TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
PRL
GH
MSH

Front 36

hormones of neurohypophysis

Back 36

ADH
OXT

Front 37

Thyroid gland hormone

Back 37

Thyroxine (T4)- four iodide ions
Triiodothryonine (T3)- 3 iodide ions
together called thyroid hormone

Front 38

thyroid hormone function

Back 38

affect most cells in body
-increase metabolism and energy consumption proteins

Front 39

calorgenic effect

Back 39

cell consumes more energy resulting in increased heat generation

Front 40

C Cells

Back 40

Clear
produce calcitonin (CT)- regulates ca+ in body fluids

Front 41

parathyroid glands

Back 41

in posterior surface of thyroid gl.
produce parathyroid hormone(PTH)- In response to low Ca+ levels

Front 42

Suprarenal (adrenal) glands anatomy

Back 42

superior to kidneys
divided into: cortex and medulla

Front 43

adrenal cortex

Back 43

stores lipids, cholesterol and fatty acids
manufactures steroid hormones: adrenocortical steroids (corticosteroids)

Front 44

adrenal medulla

Back 44

secretory activities controlled by sympathetic division of ANS
Produces epinephrine and NE

Front 45

aldosterone

Back 45

stim. conservation of sodium ions

Front 46

Cortisol

Back 46

pituitary control
-accel. glucose synth. and glycogen formation
shows anti-inflammatory effects

Front 47

Suprarenal Medulla

Back 47

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
mobilize glucose reserves and break down for ATP
stim. heart contractility & rate

Front 48

Pineal gland

Back 48

melatonin hormone- setting circadian rhythms, inhibits reproduction functions

Front 49

Pancreas

Back 49

exocrine and endocrine cells
alpha cells- produce glucagon
beta cells- produce insulin
Delta cells- produce peptide hormone
F cells- secrete Pancreatic polypeptide

Front 50

kidney hormones

Back 50

calcitriol- calcium absorption
erythropoietin- RBC production
renin enzyme- stimulates aldosterone

Front 51

Heart endocrine tissue

Back 51

produces natriuretic peptides which decreases blood volume

Front 52

thymus endocrine tissue

Back 52

produces thymosins that develop and maintain normal immune defenses

Front 53

Testes endocrine tissue

Back 53

testosterone
inhibin- support differentiation and physical maturation of sperm

Front 54

Ovaries endocrine tissue

Back 54

estrogens