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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nutrional anemia |
Lack of specific nutrion : Iron (Fe) - Iron defiency |
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Anemia is? |
Decreased oxygen - carrying capacity - lack of hemoglobin - lack of erythrocytes |
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Hemorrhagic anemia |
Blood loss Ex. Ulcers |
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Hemolytic anemia |
When red blood cells rupture Ex. Sickle cell anemia |
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Pernicious anemia |
Lack of B12 - stomach is not secreting extrinsic factor = needed fpr B12 |
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Renal anemia |
Kidneys damaged/ diseased = cannot produce enough erythropoieten |
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Aplastic anemia |
Body stops producing new blood cells Ex. Bone marrow damage |
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Polycythemia |
Elevated count of erythrocytes (Disorder) |
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Primary polycythemia |
Abnormal production of red blood cells (erythrocytes) by bone marrow |
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Relative polycythemia |
Caused by dehydration - temporary / can cause false results of hematocrit test - RBC normal / water loss in rbc |
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Secondary polycythemia |
Caused by something outside bone marrow - adaption to high altitudes - blood doping (ex. Injection of rbc) -chronic hypoxia ( ex. emphysema) - genetics |
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Polycythemia adverse effects: |
Increased blood viscosity Decreased perfussion Increased risk of thrombosis |
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Transfusion reaction |
Donor blood - A Recipient blood - B - Recipient blood antibodies -A Agglutinate w / type A blood given Results in: Agglutination - clogged arteries - decreased perfusion Another result: -erythrocytes hemolyze = releasing hemoglobin into plasma / resulting in - possible kidney failure |
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Hemopoiesis |
Formation of new blood elements Caused by: -Active bone marrow - Stem cells divide - hormone control |
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Blood Hormones control? |
Rate of cell production - rate stem cell divides - controlled by maturity of RBC |
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Stem cells / divide by? |
(Hemocytoblasts) - stem cells Divide by Mytosis: Produces 2 daughter cells and become: 1 stem cell 1 blood cell (RBC) |
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Erythrocytes |
Transport oxygen + carbondioxide between tissues and lungs |
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Total RBC count / measured in? |
Male - 5.4 million microLiter Female - 4.8 million microLiter |
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Hematocrit = % |
Volume of erythrocytes as % of total blood volume Male - 46 % Female - 42 % |
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Blood consist of formed elements? |
Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets - suspended in a liquid called plasma |
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Function of blood: |
-Transport: Dissolved gasses Nutrients Hormones and metabolic waste -pH balance: 7.35 - 7.45 -Coagulation -Imunnity |
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Physical characteristics of blood: |
-Volume : Males - 5-6 L Females - 4-5 L -Viscosity: 5 x thicker then water -pH average: 7.4 (7.35 - 7.45) |
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Blood Plasma: |
-Volume: 55% -Composition: Water - 92% -Proteins: 7% Albumins - 60% Globulins - 35% Fibrinogen - 4% (Needed for blood clotting) - Proteins made in Liver Other solutes: 1% Organic nutrients Electrolytes Organic waste |
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Serum |
Is = plasma - clotting proteins |
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Total # leukocytes per micro liter |
6 - 9000 leukocytes per microliter of blood |
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3 groups of granulocytes |
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils |
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Neutrophils |
(Phagocitic) Destroys bacteria from infected tissue |
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Eosinophils |
Attack antibody labeled material Allergens that cause allergic reactions |
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Basophils |
Release chemicals (histamines) in dmamaged tissue |
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Lymphocytes |
*activated by infection Produce antibodies in response to infection Attack foreign cells Clone or copy self by mytosis |
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Monocytes |
Leave blood and stay in tissue Become macrophages |
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Leukopoiesis |
-Rate of production by hormones called = colony stimulated factors 1 - lymphocytes produced in bone marrow migrate to lymphatic organs 2- when exposed to foreign cells they recognize, they clone monocytes 3- In result produce macrophages |
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Leukopoiesis disorders: |
Leukopenia Leukocytosis Leukemia - type of cancer (Production of abnormal leukocytes) |
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Leukopenia |
Deficiency in leukocytes - malaria - lime disease |
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Leukocytosis |
Excess # of leukocytes - parasitic infection |
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Platelets |
-Fragments of cells Total = 150k - 500k Avg. 350k Function: prevents blood loss Produced: when magekaryocytes are pinched off - releasing platelets into circulation |
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Platelet disorders: |
-Thrombocytopenia : not enough platelets - Thrombocytosis : too many platelets |
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Hemostasis |
Prevent blood loss |
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Vascular spasm: |
- when smooth muscle in the walls contract, when vessels are damaged Resulting in: make the opening smaller, preventing blood loss |
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Platelet plugs: |
Formed when platelets are attracted to damaged blood vessels and stick together |
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Coagulation: |
Series of chemical reactions involving clotting proteins (fibrin) from plasma Activates: plasma + calcium |
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Coagulation process: |
1 - Factor X (clotting protein) activated ----> converted in prothrombinase (enzyme) * catalyzes into 2. Prothrombin -----> thrombin (enzyme) *catyzes into 3. Fibrinogen ------> fibrin |
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Fibrin |
A sticky mesh that traps blood cells and platelets - forming blood clots |
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Fibrinolysis |
Clot removal - intiated by enzyme plasmin, which is activated by tissue plasminogen activator |