A&p Ch 1 Review

Front 1

Anabolism

Back 1

Metabolic building of simple compounds into more complex substances needed by the body

Front 2

Anatomic position

Back 2

Standard positions of the body for anatomic studies or designations. Forward facing palms facing up

Front 3

Anatomy

Back 3

Study of body structure

Front 4

Catabolism

Back 4

Metabolic breakdown of substances into simpler substances.

Front 5

Cell

Back 5

basic unit of life

Front 6

disease

Back 6

Illness, abnormal state in which part or all of the body does not function properly

Front 7

Extracellular

Back 7

fluid outside of the cell

Front 8

Homeostasis

Back 8

state of balance within the body; maintenance of body conditions within set limits

Front 9

Intracellular fluid

Back 9

fluid within the cell

Front 10

Metabolism

Back 10

All the physical and chemical processes by which an organism is maintained.

Front 11

Negative feedback

Back 11

Self- regulating system in which the result of an action reverses that action; a method for keeping body conditions within a normal range and maintaining homeostasis.

Front 12

Organ

Back 12

Body part containing two or more tissues functioning together for specific purposes

Front 13

Pathology

Back 13

Study of disease

Front 14

Physiology

Back 14

Study of the function of living organisms

Front 15

System

Back 15

Group of organs functioning together for the same general purposes.

Front 16

Tissue

Back 16

Group of similar cells that performs a specialized function

Front 17

dis-

Back 17

apart, away from

- to dissect is to cut apart

Front 18

-logy

Back 18

study of

-Radiology is the study of radioactive substances

Front 19

Path/o

Back 19

Disease

-Pathology is the study of disease

Front 20

Physi/o

Back 20

nature, physical

-Physiology is the study of how the body functions

Front 21

-tomy

Back 21

cutting, incision of

- Anatomy can be revealed by cutting the body

Front 22

ana-

Back 22

upward, again, back

-Anabolism is the building up of simple compounds into more complex substances

Front 23

cata-

Back 23

down

-catabolism is the breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones.

Front 24

extra-

Back 24

outside of, beyond

-extracellular fluid is outside the cell

Front 25

home/o

Back 25

same

-homeostasis is the steady state within an organism

Front 26

intra-

Back 26

within

-intracellular fluid is within a cell

Front 27

stat, -stasis

Back 27

stand, stoppage, constancy

-In homeostasis, "-stasis" refers to constancy.

Front 28

Four levels of body organization

Back 28

Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System

Front 29

Integumentary system

Back 29

-Integument means skin

-the outermost body system.

-The skin's associated structures include the hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands

Front 30

Skeletal system

Back 30

-the body's basic framework

-contains 206 bones and joints

Front 31

Muscular system

Back 31

-Attached to the bones and produce movement of the skeleton

-Gives body structure, protect organs and maintain posture.

Front 32

Nervous system

Back 32

-The brain and spinal cord and nerves make up system that controls and coordinates the body

-includes eyes, ears, taste buds, and organs of smell and receptors of the general senses of pain and touch

-electrical signals are transmitted along nerves to the brain, which directs responses

Front 33

Endocrine System

Back 33

-Grouped organs known as Endocrine Glands

-All produce hormones, regulate body activities like growth, nutrient utilization and reproduction.

-Thyroid, pituitary and adrenal glands.

Front 34

Cardiovascular system

Back 34

Consists of heart and blood, to pump blood to all body tissues, bringing with it nutrients, oxygen and other needed substances.

-Carries waste material away from tissues to points where they can be eliminated.

Front 35

Lymphatic system

Back 35

Lymphatic vessels assist in circulation by returning fluids from tissues to the blood

-Lymphatic organs like tonsils, thymus and spleen play a role in immunity.

-aids in absorption of dietary fats

-fluid that circulates is called lymph

Front 36

Respiratory system

Back 36

Includes lungs and passages leading to and from lungs.

-takes in air and conducts it towards areas designed for gas exchange

-oxygen passes from air into blood and carried to tissues by cardiovascular system

-waste product is taken by circulation from tissues back to the lungs and expelled through respiratory passages

Front 37

Digestive system

Back 37

-all organs involved with taking in nutrients and converting them into a form that body cells can use, absorbing them into the circulation.

-includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Front 38

Urinary system

Back 38

Chief purpose is to rid body of waste products and excess water

-Main components are kidneys, the ureters, the bladder, and the urethra

Front 39

Reproductive system

Back 39

This system includes the external sex organs and all related internal structures that are concerned with the production of offspring

Front 40

Negative feedback

Back 40

-a control system based on information returning to a source

-3 components: Sensor gathers information about a given body condition

A Control Center compares the sensor inputs with the set point and sends a corrective signal if necessary

An Effector responds to the signal

Example: The regulation of room temp.

Front 41

Metabolism

Back 41

The total sum of metabolic processes including catabolism and anabolism

Front 42

Catabolism

Back 42

Complex substances are broken down into simpler compounds. Energy obtained from catabolism of nutrients is used to form a compound ATP

Front 43

Anabolism

Back 43

simple compounds are used to manufacture materials needed for growth, function, and tissue repair. Fueled by ATP

Front 44

Superior

Back 44

meaning above, or in a higher position

Front 45

inferior

Back 45

means below or lower

Front 46

Anterior or ventral

Back 46

front of the body, located toward the belly surface

Front 47

Posterior or dorsal,

Back 47

refer to locations nearer the back

Front 48

Medial

Back 48

means nearer to an imaginary plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into left and right portions

Front 49

Lateral

Back 49

means further away from the midline, toward the side

Front 50

Proximal

Back 50

means nearer to the origin or attachment point of a structure

Front 51

distal

Back 51

means farther from that point, or distant

Front 52

Frontal plane

Back 52

divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections

-another name is coronal plane

Front 53

Sagittal plane

Back 53

Divides body into right and left portions, cut down the midline of the body

Front 54

Transverse plane

Back 54

Horizontally across the other two planes, divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) plane

Front 55

Dorsal cavity

Back 55

- Cranial cavity containing the brain

- Spinal cavity enclosing the spinal cord

Front 56

Ventral cavity

Back 56

Has two main subdivisions, thoracic and abdominopelvic, separated by the diaphragm

Front 57

Mediastinum

Back 57

The space between the lungs including the organs and vessels contained in that space

Front 58

Thoracic Cavity

Back 58

superior to the diaphragm

-heart, lungs, large blood vessels that join the heart, pericardial sac, pleural cavity

Front 59

Abdominopelvic cavity

Back 59

inferior to the diaphragm

-abdominal cavity: stomach, most of the intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and the spleen

-pelvic cavity: urinary bladder, rectum, and internal parts of reproductive system

Front 60

Abdominal regions

Back 60

Right to left, top to bottom:

Right hypochondriac region

epgastric region

left hypochondriac region

Right lumbar region

Umbilical region

Left lumbar region

Right iliac (inguinal) region

Hypogastric region

Left iliac (inguinal) region

Front 61

Four quadrants

Back 61

Right upper quadrant RUQ

Left upper quadrant LUQ

Right lower quadrant RLQ

Left lower quadrant LLQ

Front 62

Adjectives for Anterior and Posterior Body regions:

Cranial

Back 62

skull

Front 63

facial

Back 63

face

Front 64

thoracic

Back 64

chest

Front 65

brachial

Back 65

arm

Front 66

anterbrachial

Back 66

forearm

Front 67

carpal

Back 67

wrist

Front 68

manual

Back 68

hand

Front 69

femoral

Back 69

thigh

Front 70

crural

Back 70

leg

Front 71

Pedal

Back 71

foot

Front 72

frontal

Back 72

forehead

Front 73

ocular

Back 73

eye

Front 74

oral

Back 74

mouth

Front 75

mammary

Back 75

breast

Front 76

axillary

Back 76

armpit

Front 77

antecubital

Back 77

inner elbow

Front 78

umbilical

Back 78

naval

Front 79

inguinal

Back 79

groin

Front 80

pubis

Back 80

pubic

Front 81

palmar

Back 81

palm

Front 82

phalangeal

Back 82

fingers

Front 83

patellar

Back 83

knee cap

Front 84

tarsal

Back 84

ankle

Front 85

phalangeal

Back 85

toes

Front 86

Acromial

Back 86

shoulder

Front 87

scapular

Back 87

shoulder blade

Front 88

iliac

Back 88

hip

Front 89

sural

Back 89

calf

Front 90

calcaneal

Back 90

heel

Front 91

parietal

Back 91

crown

Front 92

occipital

Back 92

base of skull

Front 93

cervical

Back 93

neck

Front 94

deltoid

Back 94

lateral shoulder

Front 95

lumbar

Back 95

small of back

Front 96

sacral

Back 96

sacrum

Front 97

gluteal

Back 97

buttock

Front 98

popliteal

Back 98

back of knee

Front 99

plantar

Back 99

sole of foot

Front 100

Extracellular fluid

Back 100

fluid surrounding the cell on the outside

Front 101

intracellular fluid

Back 101

fluid within the cell