A&p: Bones, Formation And Function

Front 1

How Many Bones are there in the adult body?

Back 1

206 - Not including the Patella

Front 2

Sesmoid Bones

Back 2

Protects joints
Examples: Patella, Palms: metacarpals, Feet: Metatarsal

Front 3

What is Axial Skeleton?

Back 3

Everything down the axis of the body.

Front 4

What is Appendicular Skeleton?

Back 4

Appendages

Front 5

What are 4 function of bones?

Back 5

1. Protection
2. Movement.
3. Calcium Storage
4. Form

Front 6

Calcium is stored mainly as?

Back 6

Hydroxyapatite

Front 7

Bones are also composed of?

Back 7

Magensium, Maganese, Iron, Copper, sodium, pottasium

Front 8

What happens when the calcium level drops?

Back 8

Parathyroid hormone is released. It increases serum calcium and transiently increases serum phosphorus.

Front 9

What is Osteoporosis?

Back 9

Brittle Bones due to the loss of calcium from bone.

Front 10

What is Calcitonin and where does it come from?

Back 10

Comes from the thyroid and it deposits calcium into bone.

Front 11

What is Vitamin-D?

Back 11

Cholecaliciferol

Front 12

What does Cholecalciferol do?

Back 12

helps absorbs calcium from food.

Front 13

What is Rickets?

Back 13

Lack of Vitamin D

Front 14

What is Spongy Bone?

Back 14

Trabecular bone, Cancellous Bone Medullary.

Inside the bone, honeycomb structure, also filled with fat or marrow

Front 15

What is Compact Bone?

Back 15

Cortical Bone

Hard bone covering the outside of the bone.

Front 16

What is a Growth Plate?

Back 16

Epiphyseal growth plate - Hyaline carilage.

These plates are located at one or both ends of bones between the epiphysis (end) and the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones. Growth occurs towards the diaphysis or shaft of the long bone.[2] In most adults, the epiphyseal plates ossify by the mid twenties and growth arrests.[1]

Front 17

What is Metaphysis?

Back 17

Junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis in a mature bone.

Front 18

What is Periosteum?

Back 18

Wrapping around diaphysis.
- anchors blood vessels + Nerves
- Thickening the compact bone

Front 19

What is Endochondral Bone growth?

Back 19

Lengthening a bone by replacing hyaline cartilage with bone.
- any long bone

Front 20

What is intramembraneus Bone growth?

Back 20

Connective tissue membrane replaced by bone.

- skull, sternum, ribs

Front 21

What is Volkmans Canals?

Back 21

-Foramen that penetrate the compact bone so that blood vessels can get in and out.

Front 22

What is haversian Canals?

Back 22

Travel WITHIN bones.

Front 23

What are osteoblasts?

Back 23

They secrete matrix for bone.

Front 24

What are osteocyte?

Back 24

The actual bone cell.

Front 25

What are osteoclasts?

Back 25

they are phagocytic cells that eat up calcium to increase calcium level.
- also used for remodeling bones.

Front 26

What Osteoprogenitor cells?

Back 26

-Bone stem cells
- Help heal fractures

Front 27

What is the order of the races that are most prone to osteoporosis?

Back 27

1. white/asian women post menopausal women
2. Black post menopausal women
3. White/Asian Men
4. Black Men.

Front 28

Is bone stress good?

Back 28

Yes!

Front 29

Tendons are attached to what?

Back 29

Periosteum is attached to tendons

Front 30

How is a fracture healed?

Back 30

1. Fracture Hematoma forms 6 - 8 hours after the injury.

2.Swelling

3. New capillaries begin to grow into the area.

4. Phagocyte and osteoclasts move in into clean up the fracture dead tissue.
- this can take several weeks.
5. Capillaries grow into the hematoma, and it becomes more organized which is the PROCALLUS.

6. Fibroblasts = produce collagen - they invade the procallus and help reconnect broken ends of bone.

7. osteoprogenitor cells farther away develop into chondrablasts that produce fibrocartilage. Now the procallus becomes a soft callus.
- lasts about three weeks
8. At sights away from the fracture, there is normal vascularization so osteoprogenitor cells develop into osteoblasts which secrete matrix and begin to form spongy bone and now the soft callus is a hard callus.
- this lasts 3 - 4 weeks.

9. The hard callus is remodeled by osteoclasts.

Front 31

What are the Three types of joints?

Back 31

1. Synarthrosis: Immovable joints

2. Amphiarthrosis: Slighty movable joint.

3. Diarthrosis: Free Movable.

Front 32

What are Amphiarthrosis joints?

Back 32

Slighty Movable

Front 33

What are Synarthrosis joints?

Back 33

Immovable joints

Front 34

What are Diarthrosis joints?

Back 34

Freely movable.

Front 35

What are the three kinds of synarthrosis joints?

Back 35

1. synchondrosis: temporary joint where cartilage is converted to bone.
- growth plates.

2. Suture: contigious margins of bone are connected by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue.
- skull only.

3. Gomphosis: Conical process in a socket.

Front 36

What is synchondrosis?

Back 36

temporary joing where cartilage is converted to bone.
- growth plate.

Front 37

What is suture?

Back 37

Contigious margins of bone are connected by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue.
- skull only.

Front 38

What is Gomphosis?

Back 38

Conical process in a socket.

Front 39

What are the two kinds of Amphiarthrosis joints?

Back 39

1. Syndesmosis = two bones united by a interoserous ligament.
- example is the tibafibular joint or radioulnar joint.

2. Symphysis: where a piece of fibrocartilage is between two bones.
- Pubic Symphysis
- intervebral discs

Front 40

What is Sydesmosis?

Back 40

two bones are united by a interserous ligament
Example: is the tibiafibular joint or radioulndar

Front 41

what is symphysis?

Back 41

where a piece of fibrocartilage is between two bones.
- Pubic symphysis
- intervebral discs

Front 42

What are the 6 kinds of Diarthrosis joints?

Back 42

1. Ginglymus: hinge joint
- Elbow

2. Trochoid (Pivot): only movement is to pivot.
- a process fits into a ring.
- dense into neck.

3. Condyloid (ellipsoidal): a condyle fits into a fossa
- Jaw

4. Saddle Joint (sellaris): opposing surfaces are concavo-convex
- metacarpal joint of thumb.

5. Spheriodal (ball and socket): hip and shoulder
- Femur Head -> Acetabellum
- Hemural Headd -> glenoid fossa

6. Gliding joint: Two plane surfaces articulate.
- vertabrae
- ankle
- wrist

Front 43

what is ginglymis?

Back 43

Hinge joint
- elbow

Front 44

What is trochoid?

Back 44

Pivot
Only movement is to pivot
- a process fits into a ring
- dense in the neck

Front 45

What is condyloid?

Back 45

(ellipsoidal), a condyle fits into a fossa
- Jaw

Front 46

What is saddle joint?

Back 46

(sellaris) opposing surfaces are concavo - convex
- metacarpal of thumb

Front 47

What is Spheroidal?

Back 47

Ball and socket
- Femur + Acetabellum
- Hemural head + glenoid fossa

Front 48

what is Gliding joint?

Back 48

Two plane surfaces articulate.
- Vertebra
- ankle
- wrist