A&p Bones And Skeletal Tissue

Front 1

Hyaline

Back 1

flexibility, support.

Front 2

Elastic

Back 2

can withstand repeated bending

Front 3

Fibro

Back 3

very compressible. high tensile strength.

Front 4

Two types of growth

Back 4

appositional - matrix cells secrete cartilage against external part of cartilage

interstitial -expanding cartilage from within

Front 5

Bone types

Back 5

Long - longer than wide (limb bones)

short - cube shaped (wrist, ankles)

flat - thin, flat, and curved. (shoulder blades)

irregular - complicated (vertebrae)

Front 6

Function of bones

Back 6

Support -

Protection -

Movement -

Mineral/growth factor storage -

Blood cell formation -

Triglyceride storage -

Front 7

Names for Bone projections

Back 7

heads, trochanters, spines, tuberosities, crests, lines, condyles, ramuses, facets, processes

Front 8

Names for depressions and openings

Back 8

fossae, sinuses, foramina, grooves, fissures, meatuses, notches

Front 9

Functional unit of spongy bone

Back 9

trabeculae

Front 10

Structures on a Long Bone

Back 10

Diaphysis - tubular shaft of bone

Epiphyses - the bone ends

Epiphyseal plate - cartilage that lengthens to increase child's height

Membranes - external surface of bone covered by double layered membrane called periosteum

Front 11

Periosteum

Back 11

-Has an outer fibrous layer, an inner osteogenic layer

-Contains osteoblasts which build bone and osteoclasts which crush bone.

Front 12

COmpact Bone; Osteons

Back 12

-Have "tree ring" tubes called lamella, which alternate crystal patterns to resist twisting effects.

-Through center is Haversian canal, with blood vessels and nerves

-Canaliculi are tiny canals connecting lacunae to each other

-Lacunae are spider shaped osteocytes. Osteocytes maintain bone matrix.

Front 13

horizontal canals

Back 13

Perforating canals. connect the periosteum to the central canals

Front 14

Epiphyseal plate

Back 14

disc of hyaline cartilage. Grows and lengthens bone

Front 15

In general: Cartilage tissue

Back 15

Surrounded by perichondrium. contains blood vessels, acts like a girdle to prevent outward expansion of cartilage

Front 16

What makes bone hard?

Back 16

Calcium phosphates

Front 17

Osteogenesis

Back 17

process of bone formation

Front 18

Two types of bone development

Back 18

Intramembranous ossification: formation of cranial bones

Endochondral oss: formation of all bones below skull

Front 19

Endochondral

Back 19

-Starts in 2nd month of development
-starts at the center of hyaline cartilage - primary ossification center

Front 20

Bone remodeling

Back 20

regulated by hormonal mechanism and by responses to mechanical and gravitational forces

Front 21

Bone remodeling Hormonal mechanism

Back 21

If blood levels of calcium are low, PTH secreted, which stimulates activity of osteoclasts (break down bone, transfer Calcium to blood)

If blood calcium levels are high, calcitonin is released by thyroid gland and shuts down osteoclasts - this triggers activity of osteoblasts.

Front 22

Wolff's Law

Back 22

bone grows in response to demands placed on it

Front 23

Bone breakage types

Back 23

Linear (up and down)
Transverse (sideways)

Front 24

Osteoporosis

Back 24

-Affects entire skeleton but spongy bone in the spine is most affected
-bone mass is reduced; matrix remains normal
-femoral neck also susceptible to breaking

Front 25

Women osteoporosis

Back 25

Estrogen restrains osteoclast activity. When women age (post menopause), their levels of estrogen decrease. Thus osteoclasts activity goes up, and bone mass is lost.