Ap Biology U1C1-5

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Animalia

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The taxonomic kingdom comprising all animals.

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Archaea

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One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Bacteria.

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Bioinformatics

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Using computing power, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.

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Biology

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The scientific study of life.

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Biosphere

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The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planets ecosystems.

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Cell

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Life's fundamental unit of structure and function.

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Community

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All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species live in close enough together for potential interaction.

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Controlled experiment

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An experiment in which an experimental group is compared to a control group that varies only and the factor of being tested.

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Data

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Recorded observations.

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Deductive reasoning

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A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.

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Deoxyribonucleic acid

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A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins

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Discovery Science

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The process of scientific inquiry that focuses on describing nature.

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Ecosystem

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All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; a community and its physical environment.

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Emergent properties

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New properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life (as complexity increases).

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Eukarya

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The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms.

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Eukaryotic cell

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A type of cell with a membrane- enclosed nucleus and membrane- enclosed organelles, present in protists, fungi, plants, and animals; also called eukaryote.

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Fungi

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The kingdom that includes organisms that absorb nutrients after decomposing organic material.

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Gene

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A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).

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Genome

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The complete complement of an organism's genes; an organism's genetic material.

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Hypothesis

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A tentative answer to a well-framed question.

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Inductive reasoning

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A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.

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Inquiry

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The search for information and explanation, often focused by scientific questions.

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Model

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A representation of a theory or process.

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Molecule

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Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

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Natural selection

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Differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interaction of organisms with their environment. Evolution occurs when natural selection causes changes in relative frequencies of alleles in a gene pool.

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Negative feedback

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A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.

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Organ

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A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.

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Organ system

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A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.

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Organelle

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One of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

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Organism

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An individual living thing.

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Plantae

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The kingdom that consists of multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis.

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Population

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A localized group of individuals that belong to the same biological species (that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring).

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Positive feedback

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A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change.

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Prokaryotic cell

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A type of cell lacking a membrane- enclosed nucleus and membrane- enclosed organelles; found only in the domains bacteria and archaea.

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Reductionism

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Reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.

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System

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A more complex organization formed from a combination of components.

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Systems biology

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An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems.

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Technology

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An application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose.

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Theory

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An explanation that is broad in scope, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.

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Tissue

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An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.

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Anion

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A negatively charged ion.

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Atom

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The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

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Atomic mass

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The total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of one mole of the atom.

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Atomic nucleus

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The atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons.

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Atomic number

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The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol.

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Cation

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An ion with a positive charge, produced by the loss of one or more electrons.

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Chemical bond

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An attraction between two atoms, resulting from the sharing of outer- shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer shells.

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Chemical equilibrium

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In a reversible chemical reaction, the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.

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Chemical reaction

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A process leading to chemical changes in matter; involves the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds.

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Compound

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A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.

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Covalent bond

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A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.

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Dalton

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A measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles.

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Electron

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A subatomic particle with a single negative charge charge. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom.

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Electron shell

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An energy level represented as the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.

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Electronegativity

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The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.

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Element

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Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance.

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Energy

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The capacity to do work (to move matter against an opposing force).

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Energy level

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Any of several different states of potential energy for electrons in an atom.

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Hydrogen Bond

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A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

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Ion

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An atom that has gained or lost electrons thus requiring a charge.

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Ionic bond

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A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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Ionic compound

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A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called a salt.

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Isotope

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One of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass.

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Mass number

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The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

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Matter

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Anything that takes up space and has mass.

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Molecular formula

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A type of molecular notation indicating only the quantity of the constituent atoms.

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Molecule

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Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

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Neutron

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An electrically neutral particle (a particle having no electrical charge), found in the nucleus of an atom.

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Nonpolar covalent bond

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A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity.

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Orbital

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The three dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time.

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Periodic table of elements

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A chart of the chemical elements, arranged in three rows, corresponding to the number of electron shells in their atoms.

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polar covalent bonds

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A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.

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Potential energy

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The energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement.

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Product

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An ending material in a chemical reaction.

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Proton

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A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom.

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Radioactive isotope

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An isotope that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy.

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Reactant

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The starting material in a chemical reaction.

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Salt

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A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called an ionic compound.

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Structural formula

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A type of molecular notation in which the constituent atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds.

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Trace element

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An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts.

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Valence

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The bonding capacity of an atom, generally equal to the number of unpaired electrons in the atoms outermost shell.

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Valence electron

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An electron in the outermost electron shell.

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Valence shell

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The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom.

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Van Der Waals interactions

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Weak interactions between molecules or parts of molecules that are brought about by localized charge fluctuations.

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Acid

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A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

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Acid precipitation

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Rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.6.

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Adhesion

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The attraction between different kinds of molecules.

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Aqueous solution

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A solution in which water is the solvent.

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Base

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A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

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Buffer

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A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a a solution and that minimizes changes in PH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.

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Calorie

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The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius, also the amount of heat energy that one gram of water releases when it cools by 1 degrees Celsius. The calorie usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie.

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Celsius scale

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A temperature scale equal to 5/9 that measures the freezing point of water at 0 degrees Celsius in the boiling point of water at 100 degrees Celsius.

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Cohesion

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The Binding Together of like molecules , often by hydrogen bonds.

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Colloid

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A mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (because of their large size) remain suspended in that liquid.

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Evaporative cooling

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The property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state.

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Heat

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The total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. Heat is energy in its most random form.

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Heat of vaporization

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The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.

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Hydration shell

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The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion.

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Hydrogen ion

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A single proton with a charge of +1. The dissociation of a water molecule leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion and a hydrogen ion.

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Hydropilic

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Having an affinity for water.

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Hydrophobic

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Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.

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Hydroxide ion

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A water molecule that has lost a proton.

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Joule (J)

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A unit of energy. 1 J=0.239 cal; 1 cal= 4.184 J.

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Kilocalorie (kcal)

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A thousand calories; the amount of heat energy requires to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.

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Kinetic energy

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The energy of motion, which is directly related to the speed of that motion. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter.

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Molarity

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A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

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Mole (mol)

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The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules.

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Molecular mass

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The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight.

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pH

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A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log[H*] and ranging in value from 0 to 14.

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Polar molecule

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A molecule (such as water) with opposite charges on opposite sides.

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Solute

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A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

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Solution

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A liquid that is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances.

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Solvent

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The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known.

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Specific heat

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The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C

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Surface Tension

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A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules.

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Temperature

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A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules.

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Amino Group

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A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.

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Carbonyl group

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A functional group present and aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom.

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Carboxyl group

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A functional group present in organic acids consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.

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Cis

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Arrangement of two non carbon atoms, each bound to one of the carbons in a carbon-carbon double bond, where the two noncarbon atoms are on the same side relative to the double bond.

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Enantiomer

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One of two molecules that are mirror images of each other.

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Functional group

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A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.

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Geometric isomer

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One of several organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangement of the atoms.

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Hydrocarbon

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An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.

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Hydroxyl group

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A functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohol.

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Isomer

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One of several organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types of isomers are structural isomers, geometric isomers, and enantiomers.

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Organic chemistry

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The study of carbon compounds also known as organic compounds.

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Phosphate group

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A functional group important in energy transfer.

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Structural isomer

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One of several organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but different in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.