Ap Biology: The Chemistry Of Life

Front 1

ionic bond

Back 1

bond formed from complete transfer of an electron

Front 2

covalent bond

Back 2

bond formed when electrons shared between atoms

nonpolar if shared equally, polar if unequal

Front 3

unique properties of water and benefits

Back 3

-polar, engage in hydrogen bonds
-cohesive and adhesive properties lead to high surface tension, capillary action
-polar, so dissolves polar substances
-high heat capacity, so cools Earth

Front 4

definition of an organic compound

Back 4

molecules containing carbon

Front 5

four main classes of organic compounds

Back 5

carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids

Front 6

carbohydrates

Back 6

-organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in ratio of 1:2:1
-monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
-sugar, used for energy, structure

Front 7

monosaccharides

Back 7

-simplest sugars
-energy source for cells
-2 most common: glucose and fructose, both with chemical formula C6H12O6
-building blocks of carbohydrates

Front 8

glucose

Back 8

C6H12O6
-produced by plants in photosynthesis
-broken down by cells to release stored energy
-comes in 2 forms: alpha glucose and beta glucose

Front 9

fructose

Back 9

C6H12O6, like glucose
common sugar in fruits

Front 10

disaccharides

Back 10

2 monosaccharides chemically linked after dehydration synthesis (aka condensation) where water molecule is lost

Front 11

hydrolysis

Back 11

-uses a water molecule
-separates disaccharide into 2 separate monosaccharides

Front 12

polysaccharides

Back 12

-made up of several monosaccharides
-most common: starch, cellulose, glycogen
-usually storage forms of sugar or structural components of cells

Front 13

cellulose

Back 13

-made up of beta glucose
-major part of cel wall in plants
-can't be digested by humans b/c we can't break down glycoside bond in polymers w/ beta glucose polymers

Front 14

building blocks of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Back 14

carbohydrates: monosaccharides (simple sugars)
lipids: fatty acid (chain of methylene groups w/ carboxyl functional group at one end)
proteins: amino acids (w/ amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and R group)
nucleic acids: nucleotides (phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose for DNA or ribose for RNA, and ATGC or U)

Front 15

protein

Back 15

-made up of amino acids
-there are 20 different amino acids, differing only in their R group

Front 16

amino acid

Back 16

-20 different kinds
-make up proteins
-have amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH), hydrogen, and R group
-R group (aka side chain) differ for the 20 kinds