Ap Biology Test Study Cards Chapters 27-31

Front 1

Definition of archaea.

Back 1

One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being bacteria.

Front 2

Describe the three domain system of classification.

Back 2

A system of taxonomic classification based on three basic groups: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Front 3

What are the three most common shapes of prokaryotes.

Back 3

Spherical, Rod-shaped, and Helical.

Front 4

What does the cell wall do?

Back 4

Maintains the shape of the cell, offers physical protection, and prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment.

Front 5

What is gram-positive?

Back 5

The group of bacteria with simpler cell walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan. Gram-positive bacteria are usually less toxic than gram-negative bacteria.

Front 6

What is gram negative?

Back 6

The group of bacteria with a structurally more complex cell wall made of less peptidoglycan. Gram-negative bacteria are often more toxic than gram-positive bacteria.

Front 7

What are the three mechanisms motile bacteria use to move?

Back 7

Flagella, spirochetes, and slimy threads that anchor the cells to the substratum.

Front 8

Idicate where photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in prokaryotic cells.

Back 8

Both take place in the infoldings of the cell membrane of the membranes of a prokaryotic ell.

Front 9

What are obligate aerobes?

Back 9

An organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live without it.

Front 10

List the three main groups of archaea.

Back 10

Archaeabacteria, euryarchaeota, and crenarchaeota.

Front 11

List the characteristics of protists.

Back 11

-unicellular
-multicellular
-more complex than prokaryotes
-eukaryotes
microscopic

Front 12

Define protists.

Back 12

A relatively simple eukaryote.

Front 13

Define amoeboid movement.

Back 13

amoeboid will force interaction of actin filaments with myosin near the cells trailingend squeezes the interior fluid into the pseudopodium.

Front 14

List three mechanisms of movement in protists.

Back 14

-flagella
-cilia
-amoeboid movement

Front 15

What are the different nutritional strategies of protists.

Back 15

-photosynthesis(photoautotroph)
-phagocytosis(heterotroph)
-absorbtion(from decomposers)

Front 16

The kingdom Protista causes dissatisfaction among taxonomists mainly because ____________.

Back 16

various pieces of evidence indicate that the Protista are not monophyletic

Front 17

What do a carnivorous dinoflagellate, a parasitic apicomplexan, and Paramecium have in common?

Back 17

All three have alveoli under their cell surfaces.

Front 18

In general, how do algae and protozoans differ?

Back 18

Algae are photosynthetic, and almost all protozoans are heterotrophic.

Front 19

__________ are autotrophs that float near the surface of water and serve as the basis of the food chain.

Back 19

Phytoplankton

Front 20

Protists are a diverse group of organisms that includes _____.

Back 20

algae and protozoans

Front 21

Land plants arose during the _____.

Back 21

Cambrian, land plants arose from aquatic ancestors at least 550 million years ago.

Front 22

List the characteristics that distinguish land plants from charophycean algae.

Back 22

-apical meristems
-multicellular embryos dependent on parent
-alternation of generations
-sporangia produce walled spores
-gametangia-produce gametes(land plants)

Front 23

What are the four main groups of land plants.

Back 23

bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperm.

Front 24

In ferns the leaves are called _____.

Back 24

fronds

Front 25

Define sporophyte.

Back 25

The multicellular diploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that results from a union of gametes and that meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation.

Front 26

Mosses dont have "true leaves" due to the absence of...

Back 26

vascular tissues

Front 27

What is the fern gametophyte is calle?

Back 27

Prothallus, the fern gametophyte, called a prothallus, lacks vascular tissues but has hairlike anchoring rhizoids.

Front 28

Do moss gametophytes produce sperm and eggs?

Back 28

Yes, they produce gametes, eggs and sperm.

Front 29

What structures allow plants to readily take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?

Back 29

Stomata, because plants are covered with a waxy cuticle, diffusion of carbon dioxide into the leaf interior must be facilitated through stomata, tiny pores that facilitate the exchange of gas.

Front 30

All bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) share certain characteristics, which are...

Back 30

alternation of multicellular generations

Front 31

True or false?
The gametophyte is reduced and dependent on the sporophyte.

Back 31

True.

Front 32

The eggs of seed plants are fertilized within ovules, and the ovules then develop into _____.

Back 32

develope into seeds

Front 33

The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____.

Back 33

produce spores

Front 34

What do all seed plants produce?

Back 34

Separate male and female spores.

Front 35

What do both gymnosperms and angiosperms have?

Back 35

pollen, seeds, and ovules.

Front 36

What do gymnosperms nto produce?

Back 36

flowers

Front 37

What is the male gametophyte in pine is commonly known as?

Back 37

pollen

Front 38

Human survival literally depends on the produce of what?

Back 38

Angiosperms, the source of our major food crops, including rice, wheat, corn, and barley. They also provide cotton and linen, and medicines like digitalis and codeine. Rubber, coffee, chocolate, and aromatic oils come from flowering plants. Woods such as oak, cherry, and walnut are derived from angiosperms.

Front 39

What is fruit? And describe it.

Back 39

A fruit is a mature ovary, has seeds that develope after fertilization, the wall of the ovary thickens to form the fruit. Fruit protects dormant seeds.

Front 40

Defien momocot, dicot, and eudicot.

Back 40

Monocot-A subdivision of flowering plants whose members possess one embryonic seed leaf, or cotyledon.
Dicot-A subdivision of flowering plants whose members possess two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons.
Eudicot-A large subgroup of traditionally dicot angiosperms including roses, peas, buttercups, sunflowers, oaks, and maples.

Front 41

What does fungi have that plants do not?

Back 41

Fungi are heterotrophic and plants are autotrophic.

Front 42

How does fungi obtain nutrients?

Back 42

Absorbtion

Front 43

Describe how non-motile fungi seek new food.

Back 43

-the release of spores; disperse by spores

Front 44

Describe the anatomy of lichens.

Back 44

the fungal component is most commonly an ascomycete; but several basidiomycete lichens are known. Lichen is a ssymbiotic association of millions of photosynthetic microorganisms held in a mesh of fungal hyphae.

Front 45

What are fungi classified on the basis of?

Back 45

Zygomycota produce zygosporangia. Ascomycota produce asci. Basidiomycota produce basidiocarps.

Front 46

Molecular evidence suggests that fungi...

Back 46

There is evidence that both fungi and animals evolved from aquatic flagellated protists

Front 47

Fungi are said to be absorptive heterotrophs rather than ingestive ones for what reason?

Back 47

because they digest organic matter outside their bodies

Front 48

What are the cell walls of fungi are composed of?

Back 48

chitin, the chitin found in fungal cell walls is identical to the chitin found in the exoskeleton of arthropods.

Front 49

The hyphae of parasitic fungi that are modified to penetrate and absorb nutrients from host tissue are called what?

Back 49

Haustoria, the modified hyphae of parasitic fungi

Front 50

In fungi what does the mycelium do?

Back 50

Obtaining food