Ap Biology Plants

Front 1

leaf venation pattern in dicots

Back 1

netted (a branching pattern)

Front 2

leaf venation pattern in monocots

Back 2

parallel

Front 3

numbers of flower parts in dicots

Back 3

4s or 5s

Front 4

numbers of flower parts in monocots

Back 4

3s

Front 5

arrangement of vascular bundles in stems in dicots

Back 5

organized in a circle

Front 6

arrangement of vascular bundles in stems in monocots

Back 6

scattered

Front 7

form of root in dicots

Back 7

taproot

Front 8

form of root in monocots

Back 8

fibrous system

Front 9

xylem

Back 9

dead at functional maturity. conducts water and minerals and provides mechanical support.

Front 10

tracheids

Back 10

xylem cells that are long and tapered, overlapping each other

Front 11

vessel members

Back 11

xylem cells that have perforations between them, allowing more efficient water movement. most prominent in angiosperms.

Front 12

phloem

Back 12

conducts sugar

Front 13

sieve-tube members

Back 13

phloem cells that form sieve tubes. they lack nuclei and ribosomes, so companion cells support their functions through plasmodesmata

Front 14

parts of seed

Back 14

embryo, seed coat, endosperm, cotyledon

Front 15

function of cotyledons in dicots

Back 15

digest endosperm and store it for the embryo

Front 16

function of cotyledon in monocots

Back 16

transfers nutrients from endosperm to embryo

Front 17

epicotyl

Back 17

top portion of embryo that becomes shoot tip

Front 18

plumule

Back 18

young leaves attached to epicotyl

Front 19

hypocotyl

Back 19

below the epicotyl and attached to the cotyledons, the hypocotyl becomes the young shoot.

Front 20

radicle

Back 20

develops into the root before the hypocotyl sprouts

Front 21

coleoptile

Back 21

sheath that surrounds and protects the epicotyl

Front 22

apical meristems

Back 22

actively dividing areas at tips of roots and shoots, which encourage primary growth

Front 23

two types of lateral meristems

Back 23

vascular cambium and cork cambium

Front 24

root hairs

Back 24

produced by root epidermis. roots must constantly grow to produce new root hairs to absorb water.

Front 25

cortex

Back 25

ground tissue that stores starch

Front 26

endodermis

Back 26

ring of cells between cortex and stele

Front 27

Casparian strip

Back 27

blocks water from passing between endodermal cells, forcing it to pass through endodermal cells for filtration

Front 28

stele

Back 28

vascular cylinder in roots

Front 29

arrangement of vascular tissue in roots of dicots

Back 29

xylem cells fill center of vascular cylinder, with phloem cells surrounding

Front 30

arrangement of vascular tissue in roots of monocots

Back 30

xylem and phloem cells alternate encircling central storage ground cells called pith

Front 31

apoplast

Back 31

pathway by which water moves toward stele in root, through cell walls and intercellular spaces without entering cells

Front 32

symplast

Back 32

pathway by which water moves toward stele in root, moving within cytoplasm through plasmodesmata

Front 33

auxin

Back 33

hormone that stimulates elongation of developing cells. It is produced in the apical meristems. it concentrates in the shady side of a stem, stimulating more elongation on that side and causing the stem to bend toward light.

Front 34

gibberellins

Back 34

promote cell growth. they are also involved in the promotion of fruit development and seed germination and the inhibition of aging in leaves.

Front 35

cytokinins

Back 35

work together with auxin in stimulating cell division and affecting differentiation. they also counter the action of the auxin by promoting lateral bud development.

Front 36

ethylene

Back 36

promotes the ripening of fruit. it is involved in stimulating the production of flowers. it also inhibits elongation and influences leaf abscission (aging and dropping).

Front 37

abscisic acid

Back 37

is a growth inhibitor. in buds, it delays growth of leaves. it also maintains dormancy in seeds

Front 38

long-day plants

Back 38

flower when night is short

Front 39

short-day plants

Back 39

flower when night surpasses a critical length

Front 40

sporophyte

Back 40

diploid generation, dominant in vascular plants. produces haploid spores.

Front 41

gametophyte

Back 41

haploid generation. produces gametes.

Front 42

pistils/carpels

Back 42

megasporangia. contains egg-bearing ovary, style (tube), and stigma (tip)

Front 43

stamens

Back 43

microsporangia. includes pollen-bearing anther and the filament (stalk)

Front 44

petals

Back 44

colorful leaves that attract pollinators

Front 45

sepals

Back 45

leaves that support flower bud

Front 46

pollen tube

Back 46

grows down from pollen on stigma. two sperm go through it.

Front 47

embryo sac

Back 47

result of mitosis by megaspore. includes an egg cell, two flanking synergids, three antipodal cells, and a cell with two haploid nuclei.

Front 48

double fertilization

Back 48

one sperm fertilizes egg. the other sperm fuses with the polar nuclei to form a triploid nucleus that produces endosperm.

Front 49

Charophyceae characters shared with plants

Back 49

rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes and peroxisomes

Front 50

characters developed for nonvascular plants

Back 50

alternation of generations, enclosed gametangia that protect gametes and embryos, and spores toughened by sporopollenin

Front 51

characters developed for vascular plants

Back 51

vascular tissue with lignin, dominant sporophyte generation

Front 52

characters developed for seed plants

Back 52

pollen and seeds

Front 53

characters developed for angiosperms

Back 53

flowers, seeds enclosed in ovaries (fruits), and vessel elements

Front 54

character developed for pterophyta (ferns)

Back 54

leaves

Front 55

simple fruit

Back 55

develops from single ovary (can have multiple seeds AKA ovules)

Front 56

aggregate fruit

Back 56

develops from single flower with multiple ovaries

Front 57

multiple fruit

Back 57

develops from multiple flowers (walls of ovaries fuse)