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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What does "indexing fossils" mean?
Putting fossils in order based on age.
Compare, age wise, fossils that are close to the surface to those that are farther below the surface.
Fossils closer to the surface are most likely younger than those deeper into the earth.
Radiometric dating measures the _______ of radioactive _________.
Radiometric dating measures the DECAY of radioactive ISOTOPES.
For once-living objects, which isotope is used and why?
For once living objects we would use the isotope Carbon 14 because it will decay into Nitrogen 14.
For non-living objects, which isotope is used and why?
For once living objects we would use the isotope Potassium 40 because it will decay into Argon 40.
Name the 4 main events composing the geological record.
Mess extinctions, snowball earth, magnetic reversals, and continental drift.
According to the textbook, how many mass extinctions has earth had? What was the largest one and what caused it?
According to the textbook, earth has had many mass extinctions. The largest one supposedly destroyed 96% of all ocean life due to asteroids or comets.
How do scientists know that magnetic reversals have occurred?
By looking at the orientation of metals in rocks and sediments.
What caused speciation?
The split of the "Super continent" Pangaea.
According to the textbook, what are the 4 events leading to life in the proper order of occurrence?
1. Abiotic (non-living) synthesis of small, organic monomers.
2. Monomoers join to become polymers.
3. Protobionts form (packaging of the polymers).
4. Origin of self-replicating molecules.
According to the textbook, in the abiotic stage of life, about how long ago was earth formed and what was earth formed from?
According to the textbook, about 4.6 billion years ago the earth was formed from the joining of dust and rocks from space.
According to the textbook, when earth was beginning to form from the joining of dust and rocks from space, what was constantly happening to the earth, and what resulted from it?
According to the textbook, this early "earth" was constantly being bombarded by debris, which caused all of the water on it to evaporate.
According to the textbook, what occurred to the earth about 3.9 billion years ago?
According to the textbook, by this time, the atmosphere was thick with water vapor and other gasses. The earth began to cool and the vapors in the air condensed to form lakes and oceans.
In the 1920's, whose hypothesis stated that the atmosphere, about 3.9 billion years ago, was reducing (adding electrons) and by the input of energy (lightning), small monomers, such as amino acids, could be built (mainly in the oceans)?
Haldane and Oparin.
According to Haldane and Oparin's hypothesis, what allowed for small monomers to be built on earth about 3.9 billion years ago?
The atmosphere was reducing, which meant electrons were being added, and there was an input of energy, which was electricity.
Which two gentlemen prooved Haldane and Oparin's hypothesis by performing a lab experiment?
Miller and Urey.
Referring to Haldane and Oparin's hypothesis, prime atmospheric conditions probably didn't exist in all locations on earth, but were likely to be found around ________ and ___________________.
Referring to Haldane and Oparin's hypothesis, prime atmospheric conditions probably didn't exist in all locations on earth, but were likely to be found around VOLCANOS and DEEP SEA VENTS.
Heat is required for what reaction to take place?
Heat is required for abiotic synthesis of larger molecules known as polymers.
What are two main characteristics of life discussed as sub-points under Protobionts?
Accurate replication & Metabolism.
According to the textbook, which originated first: RNA or DNA?
RNA.
Which is simpler: RNA or DNA? How many strands?
RNA is simpler. It has only a single strand.
What is defined as "simple strands of RNA that act as enzymes and can make a copy of themselves given the correct building blocks."?
Ribozymes.
How does natural selection apply to molecules?
The most stable survive.
DNA would eventually come about because it is _____ _______ than RNA. It is a double strand that can hold more information.
DNA would eventually come about because it is MORE STABLE than RNA. It is a double strand that can hold more information.
What are Stromatolites according to the textbook?
According to the textbook, Stromatolites are the oldest known fossils and are about 3.5 billion years old. They're a mixture of bacteria and sediment forming mat-like structures in shallow ocean water.
According to the textbook, _________ are the oldest known fossils and are about 3.5 billion years old. They're a mixture of bacteria and sediment forming mat-like structures in shallow ocean water.
According to the textbook, STROMATOLITES are the oldest known fossils and are about 3.5 billion years old. They're a mixture of bacteria and sediment forming mat-like structures in shallow ocean water.
According to the textbook, which came first: autotrophs or heterotrophs?
Autotrophs.
_______ (no oxygen required) gave rise to to the _________.
AUTOTROPHS (no oxygen required) gave rise to to the HETEROTROPHS.
According to the textbook, photosynthesis developed early. Why?
In order to "build food".
According to the textbook, organisms that photosynthesized released oxygen into the ocean. This oxygen reacted with what to form what?
According to the textbook, oxygen reacted with dissolved iron to form iron oxide.
According to the textbook, after oxygen reacted with the ocean water, it went into the air. What happened next?
Upon entering the atmosphere, oxygen reacted with rocks on land. The textbook says that there was TOO MUCH oxygen and it killed many early prokaryotes.
According to the textbook, about how long ago did the eukaryotes first come about?
Around 2.1 billion years ago.
It is thought that ________ preyed upon ________, which is probably why some organelles have their own DNA.
It is thought that EUKARYOTES preyed upon PROKARYOTES, which is probably why some organelles have their own DNA.
According to the textbook, about how long ago was the colonization of land?
About 500 million years ago.
What were the previous taxonomic systems?
First there were the two kingdoms: Plant and Animal.
Then there was the five kingdom system.
And now there's the three Domain system built by molecular and genetic evidence.
Which type of reasoning is GENERAL and usually based on the "if/then" statement? (Inductive, or deductive reasoning)
Deductive reasoning.